教学研究方法(何广铿)

Ⅰ.HowtoDevelopaResearchQuestion教学研究能力1、如何寻找研究思路何广铿1.Whatisresearch?1)Richardsetal’sdefinition:thestudyofanevent,problemorphenomenonusingsystematicandobjectivemethods,inordertounderstanditbetterandtodevelopprinciplesandtheoriesaboutit.2)Nunan’sdefinition:asystematicprocessofinquiryconsistingofthreeelementsorcomponents:(1)aquestion,problem,orhypothesis,(2)data,(3)analysisandinterpretationofdata.2.ResearchinFLLandFLTSystematicprocessofinquiryintotheproblemsofFLTandFLL.Itconsists3components,i.e.problems,questionsorhypotheses;data;andanalysisandinterpretationofdata.3.Sourcesforgeneralquestions1)Fromone’sexperienceandinterests(1)Rubin’sandStern’sResearchCertainpeopleappearedtobeendowedwithabilitiestosucceed,otherslackedthoseabilities.ThisobservationledRubin(1975)andStern(1975)todescribe“good”languagelearnersintermsofpersonalcharacteristics,styles,andstrategies.Rubin(RubinandThompson1982)latersummarizedfourteensuchcharacteristics.Goodlanguagelearners①findtheirownway,takingchargeoftheirlearning.②organizeinformationaboutlanguage.③arecreative,developinga“feel”forthelanguagebyexperimentingwithitsgrammarandwords.④maketheirownopportunitiesforpracticeinusingthelanguageinsideandoutsidetheclassroom.⑤learntolivewithuncertaintybynotgettingflusteredandbycontinuingtotalkorlistenwithoutunderstandingeveryword.⑥usemnemonicsandothermemorystrategiestorecallwhathasbeenlearned.⑦makeerrorsworkforthemandnotagainstthem.⑧uselinguisticknowledge,includingknowledgeoftheirfirstlanguage,inlearningasecondlanguage.⑨usecontextualcuestohelpthemincomprehension.⑩learntomakeintelligentguesses…(2)Bailey’sResearch(SandSp.47)Bailey(1983)recordedinadiaryherownexperiencesoflearningFrenchasaforeignlanguage.Shenoticedevidenceofcompetitivenessandanxietyinherwriting,whichraisedquestionsinhermindaboutwhethersuchfeelingswerefacilitativeornot.Shethenrelatedtheseexperiencestootherliteraturedealingwithcompetitivenessandanxietyinsecondlanguagelearning.Teachers,similarly,maywishtokeepdiariesofthingsobservedinalanguagelessonorofanystudentbehaviorsthatseemtohavesomeeffectonlanguagelearning.(3)张爱英、俞叶、刘芳、范爱东、柳伟，20092)Fromother’sresearch(1)QiLuXia’sresearch(亓鲁霞，2004)(2)ChenandHe(陈泽璇，何广铿，2007）(3)FengJing冯晶（2005）2.Topicselectionbyliteraturereviewandanalysisoffeasibility1)Reviewallpossibleliterature(1)FunctionsofLRThefunctionofLR.istoprovidebackgroundinformationontheresearchquestions,andtoidentifywhatothershavesaidand/ordiscoveredaboutthequestionsothatyourcut-offpointisclear.(2)PlacesforsourcesofinformationA.Scholarlybooks(e.g.Celce-Murcia,2001)B.Keyjournals(e.g.AppliedLinguistics,外语教学与研究，中小学外语教学）2)Raisequestionsaboutthefeasibility(1)Howcantheanswertothegeneralquestionbefound?Whatdoesitentail?Willfindingtheanswernecessitatesettingupanexperiment?Willitrequirethedevelopmentofatestorasurveyquestionnaire?(2)Doestheresearcherhavetheprerequisitebackgroundknowledgetoinvestigatethequestion?Isaknowledgeoflinguisticsorsociolinguisticsnecessary?Howmuchstatisticalanalysisappearstobeinvolved?Willsomeonewithmoreexpertiseberequired?Ifthestudyistoberelatedtootherperipheralareas,howmuchresearchshouldbedonebeforeproceedingtothenextphase?(3)Arethetermsandconceptsusedintheformulationofthegeneralquestiondefinedclearlyandconsistently?Aretheconceptsandtermsusedinawaythatisconsistentwithhowotherresearchershaveusedthem?(4)Whatlogisticalandpracticalproblemscanbeanticipated?Ifthegeneralquestionasksaboutthelanguageacquisitionofchildrenoradults,willtheresearcherhaveaccesstothenumberofsubjectsrequiredtoinvestigatethequestion?Isitnecessary,willtherebeaccesstocomputertimeandassistance?WilltheresearcherneedtobetrainedintheuseofcomputerstatisticalanalysissuchasSPSSorSAS?3.ConsiderationsinSelectingtopics1)Youshouldhaveapersonalinterestinthetopicyouselect.2)ThetopicshouldbeimportantandshouldmakeadifferenceinsomeaspectofAl.3)Itismoreexcitingtoexploretopicsthatmayleadtonewinformation.4)Youhaveenoughtimetocompletethetopic.5)Thedifficultyofthetopicshouldbeconsidered.Ⅱ.Survey1.Whatisasurvey?Aprocedurethatusesinterviewsorquestionnairestoassessopinions,beliefs,andattitudes.(Charles&Mertler,2004:386)Thecollectionofdata(usuallyrelatedtoattitudes,beliefs,orintentions)fromsubjectswithoutattemptingtomanipulatethephenomena/variablesunderinvestigation.(Nunan,2002:232)2、中学英语教学研究方法1、2研究类型与步骤2.Typesofsurvey1)Questionnaire(written)Questionnaire:Aninstrumentforthecollectionofdata,usuallyinwrittenform,consistingofopenand/orclosequestionsandotherprobesrequiringaresponsefromsubjects.2)Interview(oral)Interview:Theelicitationofdatabyonepersonfromanotherthroughperson-to-personencounter.(Nunan,2002:231)3.Stepsincarryingoutasurvey(Nunan,2002,PP.140—141)1)DefineobjectivesWhatdowewanttofindout?2)IdentifytargetpopulationWhodowewanttoknowabout?3)LiteraturereviewWhathaveotherssaid/discovered?4)DeterminesamplesHowmanysubjectsshouldwesurvey?5)IdentifysurveyinstrumentsHowwillthedatabecollected?6)DesignsurveyproceduresHowwillthedatacollectionbecarriedout?7)IdentifyanalyticalproceduresHowwillthedatabeanalysed?8)Determinereportingprocedure