Description

Description(描写性文章)收集材料:崔源、邱焱、郑沛洋制作PPT：彭琼讲解PPT:张杨1.Definition（定义）•Generally,descriptionisconcernedwithpeople,placesandthings.Itistheartoftranslatingthementalimageofsomeobject,person,place,orsceneintowords.Itisawayofpaintingimagesverballyinspeechorwritingandofarrangingthoseimagesinacertainlogicalpattern.Thewriterintendstotellhowsomethinglookslike,soundslike,smellslike,tasteslike,orhowonefeels.•描写性文章是对人物、事件及环境的具体描写和刻画。描写性文章以准确、生动、明晰为原则。2.BasicElementsofDescription（描写性文章的基本要素）•Alldescriptionsinvolvetwoelements:theobject–thatwhichisseenorheard,andtheobserver–hewhoseesorhearsit.IntheModelEssayA”ABoxCamera”,forinstance,theobjectdescribedistheboxcamerawhilethephotographerorthereaderistheobserver.Note:描述性文章有两大要素-描写对象和观察主体3.BasicTypesofDescription(描写性文章的种类)3.1ObjectiveDescription(客观描写)•Descriptionscanbedividedintotwobasictypes:theobjectiveandthesubjective.Objectivedescriptionattemptstoreportaccuratelytheappearanceoftheobjectasathinginitself,independentoftheobserver’sperceptionofitorfeelingaboutit.Thewriterregardshimselfasakindofcamera,shootingandreproducing,thoughinwords,atruepicture.Butinacademic(学术性的)writing,weareoftenaskedtowriteasimpledescriptionofanobject,aprocessorsomedata.•描写文可分为两种：客观描写和主观描写。前者客观，真实地记录描写的对象，不夹杂作者个人的态度和观点。3.1.1TipsforObjectiveDescription(如何进行客观描写)1.Mentionthemainfeaturesoftheobjectsorplaces:shape、saize、colour、locationsofpartsandcondition.（ModelsAandB）2.Arrangethesefeaturesinalogicalorassociatedpattern:General→particularMoreimportant→lessimportantFront→backTop→bottom3.Usethefollowingwordsforthearrangement:Above、below、over、underneath、atthefront、attheback、totheleft、totheright、inthemiddle、closeto、onthetopof、atthefootof、beside、inside、outside、ontheotherside、tobeshapedlike、tobeattachedto.1.对描写对象的主要特征进行描写：形、色、位置、状态。2.注意主与次、近与远、前与后的有机结合。3.正确使用介词。3.1.2TipsforProcessDescription(过程描写小技巧)1.Makeclearintheintroductionwhatprocessyouareexplaining.(文章开头就交代要描写的某一过程；)2.Arrangetheprocessinthelogicalorstep-by-stepsequence.Conjunctionsorlinksusedare:“First,second,third,next,finally,last…etc.”othersfollowingthisstep(seeHowtoSortLetters).(按时间顺序、逻辑推理注意描写；)3.Definethetermsandexplaineachstepfully.步骤清楚、条理分明；4.Writethesentencesinanactivevoice.用主动语态描写；5.Giveyourreaderafewwordsofencouragementintheendingormentionrelatedandcomplementaryprocessthatyourreadermightinterestedin.结尾时写几句鼓励话或补充说明，使读者保持信心和兴趣。3.2SubjectiveDescription(主观描写)Subjectivedescriptiondoesnotseektoinformbuttoarouseemotion.Communicationoffeelingistheprimarypurposeofsubjectivedescriptionanditmaybeachievedintwoways:directlyandindirectly.Thedirectmethodistodescribethefeelingitself,whiletheindirectmethodistoproject(投射)theemotionbackontotheobjectandtoinfuseitwithfeelinginsuchaswaythatitwillarousethereadertorespondinthewaythewriterintends.Ofthetwomethods,theindirectoneismoreeffective.Inpractice,however,subjectivedescriptionusesbothmethods,oftenadoptingdirectstatementofmoodplusmoredetailsofindirectdescription.4.TipsforWritingDescriptions4.1EstablishaDominantImpressionWhateverwearewriting,wemusttrytogivethereaderageneralordominantimpressionofthepersonortheplacewedescribe.Wewantthereadertoshareourfeelingsorattitudestowardswhatwearedescribing.Therefore,wehavetoselectrelevantdetailstohelpproducesuchageneraleffectofasinglefeatureofaperson,aplace,anobject,orascene,asinModelDabove.4.2ArrangetheDesceiption(s)AccordingtoaCertainSpatialOrderWeusuallyarrangethedetailsofdescriptioninastraightforwardspatialorder.Wecan,forinstance，movefromgeneraltospecific,fromthemoststrikingfeatureofsomethingtoitsleaststrikingfeature;orwecanjustmovetheotherwayround.4.3UseSpecificandVividLanguageOneofthebasicrulesofcompositionistobeasspecificaspossible-ifwewanttoimpressthereader.Apparently,themorespecificthewordsandexpressionsweuse,theclearerthepicturewillbe.Specifically,weshouldtrytoenablethereadertosee,hear,feel,smell,ortastewhatisbeingdescribedandtousespecificandvividexpressionsthatappealtothesenseandprovokethereader’simagination.4.4EmphasizetheThemeintheConclusionTheconclusionshouldnotbeasimplerepetitionofwhatissaidearlierbecausethatwouldnotbeabletostrengthentheimpressionofthecompositiononthereader.Agoodwriterusuallyendsadescriptionbyemphasizingthethemeagainwithanewturnofthought.Thefollowingaredifferentendingsforadescriptionofan8:00a.m.class:TheLadyoftheCamellias•Set,inanovalofindescribablegrace,twoblackeyes,surmountedbyeyebrowsofsopureacurvethatitseemedasifpainted;veiltheseeyeswithlovelylashes,which,whendrooped,casttheirshadowontherosyhueofthecheeks;traceadelicate,straightnose,thenostrilsalittleopen,inanardentaspirationtowardthelifeofthesenses;designaregularmouth,withlipspartedgraciouslyoverteethaswhiteasmilk;colourtheskinwiththedownofapeachthatnohandhastouched,andyouwillhavethegeneralaspectofthatcharmingcountenance.Thehair,blackasjet,wavingnaturallyornot,waspartedontheforeheadintwolargefoldsanddrapedbackoverthehead,leavinginsightjustthetipoftheears,inwhichthereglitteredtwodiamonds,worthfourtofivethousandfrancseach.HowitwasthatherardentlifehadleftonMarguerite'sfacethevirginal,almostchildlikeexpr