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英语国家概况名词解释系列（1）AmerigoVespucci----AmerigoVespucci,anavigator,provedthatthelandwasnotIndia,butanewcontinent.Therefore,thelandwasnamedAmericaafter.（意大利女航海家，被认为真正发现了美洲）ThePuritans----ThePuritanswerewealthy,well-educatedgentlemen.TheywantedtopurifytheChurchofEnglandandthreatenedwithreligiouspersecution,thePuritansleaderssawtheNewworldasthearefugeprovidedbyGodforthoseHemeanttosave.（清教徒：英国新教中信奉加尔文教义，认为圣经是唯一标准，大部分清教徒逃到了美国，感恩节）英语国家概况名词解释系列（2）TheBillofRights----In1789,JamesMadisonintroducedintheHouseofRepresentativesaseriesofamendmentswhichlaterweredraftedintotwelveproposedamendmentsandsenttothestatesforratification.Tenofthemwereratifiedin1791andthefirsttenamendmentstotheconstitutionwerecalledtheBillsofRightsbecausetheyweretoinsureindividualliberties.（《权利法案》：英国资产阶级革命，奠定君主立宪制）TheEmancipation（解放）Proclamation-（宣言）---AftertheCivilwarbegan,LincolnissuedtheEmancipationProclamationtowinmoresupportathomeandabroad.ItgrantedfreedomtoallslavesinareasstillcontrolledbytheConfederacy.（《解放奴隶宣言》：林肯，美国南北战争时期）英语国家概况名词解释系列（3）Pilgrims（清教徒）ThanksgivingDay----ThePilgrimsin1620,201ofthemsailedtotheNewWorldinashipcalledMayflower.Thefirstwinteraftertheirarrivalwasverycoldandwhenspringcame,halfofthemweredead.ThentheIndianscametotheirhelpandtaughtthemhowtogrowcorn.Theyhadagoodharvestthatyear.SotheyinvitedtheIndiansandheldthefirstThanksgivingcelebrationinAmericatogivethankstoGod.（感恩节）TheChunnel----In1985theBritishgovernmentandFrenchgovernmentdecidedtobuildachanneltunnel,whichiscalled“Chunnel”,undertheStraitsofDoversothatEnglandandFrancecouldbejoinedtogetherbyroad.TheChunnelwasopentotrafficinMay1994.（英吉利海峡隧道：连接英法）英语国家概况名词解释系列（4）Eisteddfod----EisteddfodistheWelshwordfor“sitting”NationalEidteddfodisthemostfamousfestivalofmusicandverseinWales.IttakesplaceeachAugustandlastsforaboutaweek.ThehighlightofthefestivaliscompetitionforthebestepicpoemaboutWaleswrittenandreadinWelsh.ThewinneriscrownedBoard,consideredthesupremehonourinWales.InthiswaytheWelshpeoplekeeptheWelshlanguageandculturealive.(威尔士诗歌音乐比赛年会:凯尔特地区)Cockney----AcockneyisaLondonerwhoisbornwithinthesoundofBowBells-theBellsofthechurchofSt.Mary-LeBowineastLondon.(伦敦东区土话，伦敦佬)英语国家概况名词解释系列（5）Stonehenge----ItisagroupofhugemonumentsofgrantrockSlabsonsalisburyplaininSouthwestEnglandbuiltaslongagoastheNewStoneAge.Itisgenerallybelievedthatstonehengeservedsomesortofreligiouspurposes.（史前巨石阵：英国南部）TheCelts----TheCeltscametoBritaininthreemainwaves.ThefirstwaveweretheGales,thesecondwaveweretheBrythonsandtheBelgaecameabout150BC.TheCeltswerepractisedfarmers.TheCeltictribesareancestorsoftheHighlandScots,theIrishandtheWelsh,AndtheirlanguagesarethebasisofbothWelshandGaelic.TheyreligionwasDruidism.(凯尔特人：不列颠原著民)英语国家概况名词解释系列（6）NormanConquest----TheNormanConquestof1066isperhapsthebest-knowneventinEnglishhistory.WilliamtheconquerorconfiscatedalmostallthelandandgaveittohisNormanfollowers.HereplacedtheweakSaxonrulewithastrongNormangovernment.SothefeudalsystemwascompletelyestablishedinEngland.（诺曼底人对英格兰的军事征服：从此封建制度在英国确立）AlfredtheGreat----HewaskingofWessex,oneofthesevenAnglo-SaxonKingdoms.ItwashewholedtheAnglo-SaxontoflightagainsttheinvadingDanesandmaintainedpeaceforalongtime.Alfredwasnotonlyabravekingatwartime,butalsoawisekingatpeacetime.Heencouragededucationandintroducedalegalsystem.Heisknownas“thefatheroftheBritishnavy”.英语国家概况名词解释系列（7）St.Augustine----In597,PopeGregoryIsentSt.Augustine,thePriorofSt.Andrew’sMonasteryinRome,toEnglandtoconverttheheathenEnglishtoChristianity.Thatyear,St.AugustinebecamethefirstArchbishopofCanterbury.Augustinewasremarkablysuccessfulinconvertingthekingandthenobility,buttheconversionofthecommonpeoplewaslargelyduetothemissionaryactivitiesofthemonksinthenorth.（圣奥古斯汀：古罗马帝国时期基督教思想家，理论是宗教改革的源头）DomesdayBook----ItisabookcompiledbyagroupofclerksunderthesponsorshipofKingWilliamtheFirstin1086.Thebookwasinfactapropertyrecord.ItwastheresultofageneralsurveyofEngland.Itrecordedtheextent,value,stateofcultivation,andownershipoftheland.ItwasoneoftheimportantmeasuresadoptedbyWilliamItoestablishthefullfeudalsysteminEngland.Today,itiskeptinthePublicRecordsOfficeinLondon.(英国土地志)英语国家概况名词解释系列（8）GeoffreyChaucer----HewasanimportantEnglishpoetinthefourteenthcentury.HisbestknownisTheCanterburyTales,whichdescribesagroupofpilgrimstravellingtoCanterburytovisitThomasBecket’stomb.BecausehewasthefirstimportantEnglishpoettowriteinEnglish.Hehasbeenknownasthe“FatherofEnglishPoetry”.（杰夫利乔叟：英国代表作家，现实主义文学奠基者）TheBlackDeath----Itisamodernnamegiventothedearlybubonicplague,anepidemicdiseasespreadthroughEuropeinthefourteenthcenturyparticularlyin1348-1349.Itcamewithoutwarning,andwithoutanycue.InEngland,itkilledalmosthalfofthetotalpopulation,causingfar-reachingeconomicconsequences.（黑死病：造成大量欧洲人死亡的瘟疫）英语国家概况名词解释系列（9）TheWarsofRoses玫瑰战争----thenameWarsoftheRoseswasrefertothebattlesbetweentheHouseofLancaster,symbolizedbythereadrose,andthatofYork,symbolizedbythewhite,from1455to1485.HenryTudor,descendantofDukeofLancasterwonvictoryatBosworthFireldin1485andputhtcountryundertheruleoftheTudors.FromtheseWars,Englishfeudalismreceiveditsdeathblow.Thegreatme