乔姆斯基PPT

NoamChomsky(Thefatheroflinguistics)Born:AvramNoamChomskyDecember7,1928Philadelphia,Pennsylvania,U.S.Fields:Linguistics,analyticphilosophy,cognitivescience,intellectualhistory,politicalcriticismAlmamater:UniversityofPennsylvania(B.A.1949;M.A.1951;Ph.D.1955)HarvardSocietyofFellows(1951–1955)Institutions:MIT(1955-present)InstituteforAdvancedStudy(1958-1959)SyntacticStructuresSyntacticStructuresisthefirstbookbyAmericanlinguistNoamChomsky,originallypublishedin1957.Aseminalworkin20th-centurylinguistics,itlaidthefoundationsofChomsky'sideasongenerativegrammar.Itcontainsthenow-famoussentenceColorlessgreenideassleepfuriously,whichChomskyofferedasanexampleofagrammaticallycorrectsentencethathasnomeaning.Themonographmarkedthebeginningofaneweraoflinguistictheorizingwherethefocusoflinguisticresearchshiftedfromthedescriptive,structuralistapproachofthe1930sand1940sandtowardsamorecognitive,formalapproach.Transformationalgenerative-grammarChomsky'stheorypositsthatlanguageconsistsofbothdeepstructuresandsurfacestructures.Surfacestructure'facesout'andisrepresentedbyspokenutterances,whiledeepstructure'facesinward'andexpressestheunderlyingrelationsbetweenwordsandconceptualmeaning.Inotherwords,surfacestructureexplainsphoneticsanddeepstructureexplainsmeaning.LinguistictheoryThebasistoChomsky'slinguistictheoryisrootedinbiolinguistics(生物语言学),holdingthattheprinciplesunderlyingthestructureoflanguagearebiologicallydeterminedinthehumanmindandhencegeneticallytransmitted.Hethereforearguesthatallhumanssharethesameunderlyinglinguisticstructure,irrespectiveofsocioculturaldifferences.Inadoptingthisposition,ChomskyrejectstheradicalbehavioristpsychologyofB.F.Skinnerwhichviewsthemindasatabularasa(blankslate白板)andthustreatslanguageaslearnedbehavior.Accordingly,hearguesthatlanguageisauniqueevolutionarydevelopmentofthehumanspeciesandisunlikemodesofcommunicationusedbyanyotheranimalspecies.Chomsky'snativist（先天论）,internalist（内在论者）viewoflanguageisconsistentwiththephilosophicalschoolof'rationalism'（理性主义）,andiscontrastedwiththeanti-nativist,externalistviewoflanguage,whichisconsistentwiththephilosophicalschoolof'empiricism'（经验主义）.UniversalgrammarTheChomskyanapproachtowardslinguisticsstudiesgrammarasaninnatebodyofknowledgepossessedbylanguageusers,oftentermedUniversalGrammar(UG).Sincethe1960s,Chomskyhasmaintainedthatsyntacticknowledgeisatleastpartiallyinborn,implyingthatchildrenneedonlylearncertainparochialfeaturesoftheirnativelanguages.Chomskybasedhisargumentonobservationsabouthumanlanguageacquisition,notingthatthereisanenormousgapbetweenthelinguisticstimulitowhichchildrenareexposedandtherichlinguisticknowledgetheyattain.