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第一讲：1.考试题形式分为：Ⅰ.选择题(30分)：完全是考书中的例子，理论与例子的结合,也就是‘Theory’和‘Example’的结合。Ⅱ.填空（10分）：考特例,不是考简单的‘Examples?Theory’而是考‘Exceptions’.Ⅲ.（10分）考试内容：ⅰ.Typesofmeaningchanges:词意变化的种类ⅱ.Typesofmeaning:词义的种类，如：概念意义，联想意义，情感意义等。ⅲ.Languagesbranches:语系与语族,语系如：印欧语系；语族如：一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族，如：日尔曼语族，斯堪的纳维亚语族等。ⅳ.Feathersofidioms:习语的特点Ⅳ.(10分)考试内容：ⅰ.TypesofBoundMorphemes:粘着词素的种类ⅱ.TypesofWordFormations:构词法的种类ⅲ.TypesofMeaning:词义的种类ⅳ.TypesofMeaningofIdioms:习语涵义的种类Ⅴ.名词解释(10分)：Ⅵ.简答题(12分)：ⅰ.比较题：两种理论/概念之间的区别就叫比较题，比如说‘概念意义与联想意义有何区别，粘着词素与派生词根有何区别，两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等。ⅱ.名词解释扩展题：难的名词解释派生的简答题，如:AffectedMeaning名词解释起来太长了，放在简答题里，就成为：WhatisAffectedMeaning,brieflyexemplifyit.ⅲ.Optional:可考可不考的题，往往是给出名词让你举例子Ⅶ.分析题(18分)：给出例子，让你用理论加以分析。二.串讲内容：Introduction部分：Lexicology这门课算哪一种学科的分支:Lexicologyisabranchoflinguistics.Lexicology和那些重要的学科建立了联系:1)Morphology2)Semantics3)Stylistics4)Etymology5)Lexicography研究lexicology的两大方法:1)Diachronicapproach:历时语言学2)Synchronicapproach:共时语言学e.g.wife纵观历时语言学的方法论，woman词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式？Woman的词义的变化算Narrowingorspecialization第一章部分：Whatisword?词具有哪些特点？词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。1)Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguage;2)Asoundunityoragivensound;3)aunitofmeaning;4)aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence.以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类（classificationofaword）词根据发音可以分为哪两种词？或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词？1)simplewords2)complexwords单音节词例子：e.g.Manandfinearesimple多音节词例子：e.g.Management,misfortune,blackmailmanagement可以次划分为manage和-mentmisfortune可以次划分为mis-和fortuneblackmail次划分为black和mailWhatistherelationshipbetweensoundandmeaning?1)Thereis‘nologicalrelationshipbetweenthesoundandactualthing.e.g.dog.cat2)Therelationshipbetweenthemisconventional.3)Indifferentlanguagesthesameconceptcanberepresentedbydifferentsounds.Whatisrelationshipbetweensoundandform?1)Thewrittenformofanaturallanguageisthewrittenrecordoftheoralform.Naturallythewrittenformshouldagreewiththeoralform,suchasEnglishlanguage.2)ThisisfairlytrueofEnglishinitsearlieststagei.e.OldEnglish3)Withthedevelopmentofthelanguage,moreandmoredifferencesoccurbetweenthetwo.Whatarethegreatchangesthatcausesillogicalrelationshiporirregularitybetweensoundandform?1)TheinternalreasonforthisisthattheEnglishalphabetwasadoptedfromtheRomans,whichdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachsoundinthelanguagesothatsomelettersmustdodoubledutyorworktogetherincombination.2)Anotherreasonisthatthepronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingovertheyears,andinsomecasesthetwohavedrawnfarapart.3)Athirdreasonisthatsomeofthedifferenceswerecreatedbytheearlyscribes.4)Finallycomestheborrowing,whichisanimportantchannelofenrichingtheEnglishvocabulary.要记住以上四句话中的关键词：1)influencedbyRomans2)pronunciationchanged3)earlyscribes4)borrowing你能不能举出外来语对英语发音,拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些？e.g.stimulus(L),fiesta(Sp),eureka(Gr),kimono(Jap)外来语对英语造成的最大的影响就是‘soundandform’不一致。Whatisvocabulary?Vocabularyreferstothetotalnumberofthewordsinalanguage,butitcanstandforallthewordsusedinaparticularhistoricalperiod.Vocabularyalsoreferstoallthewordsofagivendialect,givenbook,agivendisciplineandthewordspossessedbyanindividualperson.ClassificationofWords(本课的一个重点,年年考试都考)Whatistheclassificationofwords?Howtoclassifywordsinlinguistics?Threecriteria:1)Byuseoffrequency2)Bynotion3)ByoriginByuseoffrequency可划分为：1)Thebasicwordstock2)NonbasicwordvocabularyBynotion可划分为：1)Contentword2)FunctionalwordContentwordsarealsoknownasnotionalwords.(Contentwords的别称)Functionalwordsarealsoknownasemptywords,orformwords.(Functionalwords的别称)Functionalwordspossessesacharacteristicofbasicwordstock,i.e.stabilityAccordingtoStuartRobertson,etal(1957),*(年年考试必考)theninefunctionalwords,namely,and,be,have,it,of,the,to,will,youWhatarethecharacteristicsofbasicwordstock?1)Allnationalcharacter2)Stability3)productivity4)polysemy5)Collocability要把握住‘Allnationalcharacter’的词,就是和我们日常生活息息相关的，最普通的词稳定性是基本词的一个很大特点，请你举例说明？e.g.man,woman,fire,water…e.g.machine,video,telephone…e.g.bow,chariot,knightStabilityisrelative,notabsolute.根据词的usefrequency划分出的基本词之外，还有一类词叫作Nonebasicvocabulary,非基本词有几大特点？或者是几大分类？1)Terminologye.g.sonata,algebra2)Jargone.g.Bottomline(Jargon)3)Slange.g.smoky,bear(Slang)4)Argote.g.persuader5)Dialectalwordse.g.station(AusE=ranch)bluid(ScotE=blood)6)Archaismse.g.wilt(will)7)Neologismse.g.email(Neologisms)beaver是girl的slang表达方式，但是二者之间存在着StylisticdifferenceWhichconstitutesthelargernumberamongEnglishvocabulary,contentwordsorfunctionalwords?Answer:ContentwordsWhatisnativewords?Answer:(1)Byorigin,Englishwordscanbeclassifiedintonativewordsandborrowedwords.(2)NativewordsarewordsbroughttoBritaininthefifthcenturybytheGermantribes:theAngles,theSaxons,andtheJutes,thusknowasAnglo-Saxonwords.(3)WordsofAnglo-Saxonoriginaresmallinnumber,amountingtoroughly50,000to60,000,buttheyformthemainstreamofthebasicwordstockandstandatthecoreofthelanguage什么叫borrowedwords?Answer:(1)wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguagesareknowasborrowedwordsorloanwordsorborrowingsinsimpleterms.(2)ItisestimatedthatEnglishborrowingsconstitute80percentofthemodernEnglishvocabulary(3)TheEnglishlanguagehasvastdebts.Inanydictionarysome80%oftheentriesareborrowed.什么叫Denizens?DenizensarewordsborrowedearlyinthepastandnowarewellassimilatedintotheE