联合国详细介绍

WelcometotheUnitedNationsEmblem（会徽）oftheUnitedNationsFlagoftheUnitedNationsFlagandEmblemABriefIntroductionTheUnitedNationswasfoundedin1945afterWorldWarIItoreplacetheLeagueofNations,tostopwarsbetweencountries,andtoprovideaplatformfordialogue.Itcontainsmultiplesubsidiaryorganizationstocarryoutitsmissions.In1945,theUNhad51members.Itnowhas193,ofwhichmorethantwo-thirdsaredevelopingcountries.Becauseoftheirnumbers,developingcountriesareoftenabletodeterminetheagendaoftheAssembly，thecharacterofitsdebates,andthenatureofitsdecisions.Formanydevelopingcountries,theUNisthesourceofmuchoftheirdiplomaticinfluenceandtheprincipaloutletfortheirforeignrelationsinitiatives.FourofthefiveprincipalorgansarelocatedatthemainUnitedNationsHeadquarterslocatedoninternationalterritoryinNewYorkCity.TheInternationalCourtofJusticeislocatedinTheHague（海牙）,whileothermajoragenciesarebasedintheUNofficesatGeneva,（日内瓦）,Vienna（维也纳）,andNairobi（内罗比，肯尼亚首都）.OtherUNinstitutionsarelocatedthroughouttheworld.TheLocationsNewYorkViennaGenevaThesixofficiallanguagesoftheUnitedNations,usedinintergovernmentalmeetingsanddocuments,areArabic,Chinese,English,French,Russian,andSpanish.[2]TheSecretariatusestwoworkinglanguages,EnglishandFrench.FouroftheofficiallanguagesarethenationallanguagesofthepermanentmembersoftheSecurityCouncil(theUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStatesshareEnglishasofficiallanguage);SpanishandArabicarethelanguagesofthetwolargestblocsofofficiallanguagesoutsideofthepermanentmembers(Spanishbeingofficialin20countries,Arabicin26).FiveoftheofficiallanguageswerechosenwhentheUNwasfounded;Arabicwasaddedlaterin1973.TheOfficialLanguages1.GeneralAssembly(联合国大会)2.SecurityCouncil（安全理事会）3.Secretariat（秘书处）4.InternationalCourtofJustice（国际法院）5.EconomicandSocialCouncil（经济及社会理事会）6.SpecializedinstitutionsOrganizationGeneralAssemblyUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblyhallTheGeneralAssemblyisthemaindeliberativeassemblyoftheUnitedNations.ComposedofallUnitedNationsmemberstates,theassemblymeetsinregularyearlysessionsunderapresidentelectedfromamongthememberstates.Overatwo-weekperiodatthestartofeachsession,allmembershavetheopportunitytoaddresstheassembly.Traditionally,theSecretary-Generalmakesthefirststatement,followedbythepresidentoftheassembly.Italwaystakesthreemonths.Thefirstsessionwasconvenedon10January1946intheWestminsterCentralHallinLondonandincludedrepresentativesof51nations.大会是做什么的?这是一个所有会员国均派有代表的独一无二的世界论坛。是最近乎国际议会的机构。会上，所有各国均可表达其不同意见并就如何行动达成谅解。联合国大会,所有国家不分贫富,不分强弱,均享有同等的表决权；享有同样的权利和特权以及同样的责任与义务。大会的表决结果是世界舆论的准确反映。其决定对于会员国虽不具法律效力,但却代表着国际社会的道义权威。SecurityCouncilUnitedNationsSecurityCouncilchamberTheSecurityCouncilischargedwithmaintainingpeaceandsecurityamongcountries.WhileotherorgansoftheUnitedNationscanonlymake'recommendations'tomembergovernments,theSecurityCouncilhasthepowertomakedecisionsthatmembergovernmentshaveagreedtocarryout,underthetermsofCharterArticle25.ThedecisionsoftheCouncilareknownasUnitedNationsSecurityCouncilresolutions.TheSecurityCouncilismadeupof15memberstates,consistingof5permanentmembers–China,France,Russia,theUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStates–and10non-permanentmembers,currentlyAzerbaijan,India,SouthAfrica,Colombia,Morocco,Togo,Germany,Pakistan,Guatemala,andPortugal(阿塞拜疆、印度、南非、哥伦比亚、摩洛哥、多哥、德国、巴基斯坦、危地马拉、和葡萄牙).Thefivepermanentmembersholdvetopower(否决权).Thetentemporaryseatsareheldfortwo-yeartermswithmemberstatesvotedinbytheGeneralAssemblyonaregionalbasis.ThepresidencyoftheSecurityCouncilisrotatedalphabeticallyeachmonth.MembersWhythefive?ThefivepermanentmembersoftheSecurityCouncilwerethevictoriouspowersinWorldWarIIandhavemaintainedtheworld'smostpowerfulmilitaryforceseversince.Theyannuallytopthelistofcountrieswiththehighestmilitaryexpenditures;in2011,theyspentoverUS$1trillioncombinedondefense,accountingforover60%ofglobalmilitaryexpenditures(theU.S.aloneaccountingforover40%).Theyarealsotheonlycountriesofficiallyrecognizedasnuclear-weaponstatesundertheNuclearNon-ProliferationTreaty(NPT),thoughthereareotherstatesknownorbelievedtobeinpossessionofnuclearweapons安理会对国际问题的调停和裁决实行5个常任理事国一致的原则（大国一致原则），即每项决议只要有一个常任理事国投否决票，便不能通过。SecretariatTheUnitedNationsSecretariatBuildingattheUnitedNationsHeadquartersinNewYorkCity.TheUnitedNationsSecretariatisanintergovernmentalorganizationchargedwiththepromotionofaidingstatestocollectivelymaintaininternationalpeaceandsecurity;itservesasaforumformember-statestodiscussandresolvepressingissuesintheinternationalfieldthroughprimarilydiplomaticresources.TheSecretariatiscomposedofaSecretaryGeneral,assistedbyastaffofinternationalcivilservantsworldwide.TheactivitiesoftheSecretariatareperformedbyastaffof44,000civilservantsfromaroundtheworldundertheleadershipoftheSecretary-General.EligibilityforcivilserviceisbasedonaUN-administeredexaminationofferedworldwide,inadditiontoacompetitiveapplicationprocess.DutiesTheUNCharterisnotspecificabouttheSecretariat‘spowers.HoweveritisclearthattheSecretariat,andtheSecretary-General,arevitalpartstotheUN.Itisinchargeofnotifications(通告)andthearrangementofthemeetingsofthesecretary-general.TheSecretariatisalsoinchargeofp