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aprioriaposterioridistinction先验-后验的区分abstractideas抽象理念abstractobjects抽象客体adhominemargument谬误论证alienation/estrangement异化，疏离altruism利他主义analysis分析analyticsyntheticdistinction分析-综合的区分aporia困惑argumentfromdesign来自设计的论证artificialintelligence(AI)人工智能associationofideas理念的联想autonomy自律axioms公理CategoricalImperative绝对命令categories范畴Categorymistake范畴错误causaltheoryofreference指称的因果论causation因果关系certainty确定性chaostheory混沌理论class总纲、类clearnessanddistinctness清楚与明晰cogitoergosum我思故我在concept概念consciousness意识consent同意consequentialism效果论conservative保守的consistency一致性，相容性constructivism建构主义contentsofconsciousness意识的内容contingentnecessarydistinction偶然-必然的区分continuum连续体continuumhypothesis连续性假说contradiction矛盾（律）conventionalism约定论counterfactualconditional反事实的条件句criterion准则，标准critique批判，批评Dasein此在，定在deconstruction解构主义defeasible可以废除的definitedescription限定摹状词deontology义务论dialectic辩证法didactic说教的dualism二元论egoism自我主义、利己主义eliminativematerialism消除性的唯物主义empiricism经验主义Enlightenment启蒙运动（思想）entailment蕴含essence本质ethicalintuition伦理直观ethicalnaturalism伦理的自然主义eudaimonia幸福主义event事件、事变evolutionaryepistemology进化认识论expertsystem专门体系explanation解释fallibilism谬误论familyresemblance家族相似fictionalentities虚构的实体firstphilosophy第一哲学formoflife生活形式formal形式的foundationalism基础主义freewillanddeterminism自由意志和决定论function函项（功能）functionexplanation功能解释good善happiness幸福hedonism享乐主义hermeneutics解释学（诠释学，释义学）historicism历史论（历史主义）holism整体论iconographic绘画idealism理念论ideas理念identity同一性illocutionaryact以言行事的行为imagination想象力immatericalsubstance非物质实体immutable不变的、永恒的individualism个人主义（个体主义）induction归纳inference推断infiniteregress无限回归intensionality内涵性intentionality意向性irreducible不可还原的LeibnizsLaw莱布尼茨法则logicalatomism逻辑原子主义logicalpositivism逻辑实证主义logomachy玩弄词藻的争论materialbiconditional物质的双向制约materialism唯物论（唯物主义）maxim箴言，格言method方法methodologica方法论的model样式modern现代的modusponensandmodustollens肯定前件和否定后件naturalselection自然选择necessary必然的neutralmonism中立一无论nominalism唯名论nonEuclideangeometry非欧几里德几何nonmonotoniclogics非单一逻辑OckhamRazor奥卡姆剃刀omnipotenceandomniscience全能和全知ontology本体论（存有学）operator算符(或算子)paradox悖论perception知觉phenomenology现象学picturetheoryofmeaning意义的图像说pluralism多元论polis城邦possibleworld可能世界postmodernism后现代主义prescriptivestatement规定性陈述presupposition预设primaryandsecondaryqualities第一性的质和第二性质principleofnoncontradiction不矛盾律proposition命题quantifier量词quantummechanics量子力学rationalnumbers有理数realnumber实数realism实在论reason理性，理智recursivefunction循环函数reflectiveequilibrium反思的均衡relativity(theoryof)相对（论）rights权利rigiddesignator严格的指称词Rorschachtest相对性（相对论）rule规则ruleutilitarianism功利主义规则Russellsparadox罗素悖论sanctions制发scope范围，限界semantics语义学sensedata感觉材料，感觉资料set集solipsism唯我论socialcontract社会契约subjectiveobjectivedistinction主客区分sublation扬弃substance实体，本体suigeneris特殊的，独特性supervenience偶然性syllogism三段论thingsinthemselves物自体thought思想thoughtexperiment思想实验threevaluedlogic三值逻辑transcendental先验的truth真理truthfunction真值函项understanding理解universals共相，一般，普遍verficationprinciple证实原则versimilitude逼真性viciousregress恶性回归ViennaCircle维也纳学派virtue美德