國立台灣大學生態學與演化生物學研究所碩、博士專題討論摘要日期:2008年5月9日題目:圈養環境下獼猴的消化時間跟種子發芽的關係講者:張倪禛指導教授:李玲玲博士摘要:過去很多研究顯示,食性廣泛的靈長類在食果時,會把種子帶離母樹,減少種子在母樹下的競爭和被捕食的機會;同時靈長類的消化過程可破壞種皮,增加種子發芽率,因此認為靈長類對植物種子傳播有正面的影響。然而食物組成不同,可能影響食物通過消化道所需時間(gutretentiontime)。而食物通過消化道所需時間,不僅會影響食物中種子被消化的程度,繼而影響其活存與發芽的比率,也會影響種子被傳播的距離。例如:過去研究指出,食物中纖維所佔的比例會影響a.食物通過某些靈長類消化道所需時間。Campbell(2004)在對狐猴(lemur)的研究中發現,食物中含的纖維比例不同,消化所需的時間也不相同。但Remis(2004)在對金剛猩猩(gorilla)的研究中,則未發現此一現象。推測可能是金剛猩猩為較專一的食果者,因此其腸胃道對食物中纖維比例的變化較無反應,而狐猴由於食性中包含了較高比例的纖維,因此消化道可改變消化時間來因應不同的纖維比例。至於不同的消化時間對種子活存與萌發的影響,則極為有限。獼猴(Macacasp.)為廣布在亞洲和北非的一帶,以植物性食物為主食,取食對象相當廣泛的靈長類動物。以台灣獼猴為例,不同地區的台灣獼猴食物中果實佔的比率可以由38%到57%,變動相當大。為瞭解取食不同食物比例,對於種子通過獼猴消化道所需時間和發芽率的影響,本研究擬在屏東科技大學野生動物收容中心,針對三種圈養環境下的獼猴-馬來獼猴,台灣獼猴以及日本獼猴進行餵食實驗,以探討:1.不同纖維比例的食物是否會造成獼猴的消化時間差異?2.不同的消化時間是否會影響種子的發芽率?3.消化時間與種子發芽率的種間變異,並希望能藉此評估當野外的食物資源變化時,獼猴是否有不同的種子傳播效益。參考文獻:Remis,M.J.andE.S.2004.Dierenfeld.Digestapassage,digestibilityandbehaviorincaptivegorillasundertwodietaryregimens.InternationalJournalofPrimatology,25(4):825-845Campbell,J.L.,C.V.Williams,andJ.H.Eisemann.2004.Useoftotaldietaryfiberacrossfourlemurspecies(Propithecusverreauxicoquereli,Hapalemurgriseusgriseus,Vareciavariegata,andEulemurfulvus):Doesfibertypeaffectdigestiveefficiency?AmericanJournalofPrimatology64:323–335Lambert,J.E.1998.Primatedigestion:Interactionsamonganatomy,physiology,andfeedingecology.EvolutionaryAnthropology7(1):8-20Lambert,J.E.2002.Digestiveretentiontimesinforestguenons(Cercopithecusspp.)withreferencetochimpanzees(Pantroglodytes)InternationalJournalofPrimatology23(6):1169-1185.國立台灣大學生態學與演化生物學研究所碩、博士專題討論摘要日期:2008年5月9日Topic:GutretentiontimeandseedgerminationincaptiveMacacaspp.Speaker:Ni-ChenChangAdvisor:Dr.Ling-LingLeeAbstract:Previousresearchsuggestedthatprimatescantakeseedsawayfromtheirparenttrees,hencereduceintra-speciescompetitionandpredationbyseedpredators..Atthesametimes,seedcoatsofseedsswallowedbyprimatescanberemovedordestroyedinthedigestiveprocess,hencefacilitateseedgermination.Thusprimatescanincreaseplants’fitnessbyfacilitatingseeddispersal.However,differentdietcompositionmayaffectgutretentiontimeandthedegreethatseedsareaffected,henceseedsurvivalandgerminationrates,aswellasthedistanceseedscanbedispersed.Forexamples:ratiooffibersinthedietmayaffectgutretentiontimeincertainprimatespeciesbutnotothers.Campbell(2004)foundthatdifferentratiooffibersindietcancausedifferentretentiontimeinlemurs,butthisisnotfoundinRemis’s(2004)researchofgorillas.Reasonsforsuchdifferencemaybethatgorillasarespecificfrugivoreandtheirgutscannotreacttodifferentratiooffibersinthediet,whereaslemurscanchangetheirgutretentiontimebecausetheyeathigherratiooffibersintheirordinarydiet.Researchontheeffectsofdifferentgutretentiontimeonseedgerminationhasbeenscanty.Macacasp.arewidelydistributedinAsiaandnorthAfrica.Theyaremainlyplanteaterconsumingawidevarietyofplantspeciesandparts.Forexample,ratiooffruitinthediestofMacacacyclopismayvarybetween38%and57%indifferentareainTaiwan.Tounderstandhowfoodcompositionaffectgutretentiontimeandseedsgermination,weplantoconductfeedingtestsamongMacacacyclopis,MacacafascicularisandMacacafuscataatthewildliferescuecenterofNPUST.Theaimsofthisstudiesaretoexamine:1.ifdietcompositionaffectgutretentiontimesinMacacasp.?2.ifgutretentiontimeaffectseedgermination?3.interspecificvariationingutretentiontimeandseedgermination.InformationfromthisstudywillbeusefulinevaluatingpotentialeffectofseeddispersalbyMacacasp.inthewildwithdifferentdietcompositionindifferentseasonwhenfoodresourcechange.Reference:Remis,M.J.andE.S.2004.Dierenfeld.Digestapassage,digestibilityandbehaviorincaptivegorillasundertwodietaryregimens.InternationalJournalofPrimatology,25(4):825-845Campbell,J.L.,C.V.Williams,andJ.H.Eisemann.2004.Useoftotaldietaryfiberacrossfourlemurspecies(Propithecusverreauxicoquereli,Hapalemurgriseusgriseus,Vareciavariegata,andEulemurfulvus):Doesfibertypeaffectdigestiveefficiency?AmericanJournalofPrimatology64:323–335Lambert,J.E.1998.Primatedigestion:Interactionsamonganatomy,physiology,andfeedingecology.EvolutionaryAnthropology7(1):8-20Lambert,J.E.2002.Digestiveretentiontimesinforestguenons(Cercopithecusspp.)withreferencetochimpanzees(Pantroglodytes)InternationalJournalofPrimatology23(6):1169-1185.國立台灣大學生態學與演化生物學研究所碩、博士專題討論摘要日期:2008年5月9日