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12017~2020年上海高考真题汇编—概要写作2020年秋考Arepeopleunique?Itishumanbeings’pridethatwearetheonlyspeciesonthePlanetthatcanspeakandthink.However,recentresearchcastsdoubtonthatcommonbelief.Zuberbuhler,apsychologistatSt.AndrewsUniversity,andhiscolleaguesrecordedthousandsofcallsmadebyDianamonkeysandnoticedthatthemonkeysadaptedtheircallstochangethemeaningtowarnoneanotheraboutdifferentsituations.Forexample,theymadea‘krack’alarmcallatthesightoftiger.However,whentheymerelyrepeatedcallsmadebyothermonkeystheyaddedan‘oo’.Theresearchersfoundthatthesamecallswouldberecognisedbyotherspecies,likeCampbell’smonkeys.Sotheyarecommunicatingacrossspecies.‘Andsincethenwehavefoundthathornbillbirdscanunderstandthesecallsandtheytoocanunderstandallthedifferentmeanings’,saidZuberbuhler.Whatisalsosurprisingisthatsignsofintelligencehavebeenfoundinbirds,whosesmallbrainswerelongassumedtobeacompletebarriertointelligence.However,allthatischangingfast.AfewyearsagoIrenePepperbergoftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologytaughtaparrottorecogniseandcountuptosixobjects,whichcouldn’thavebeenachievedifbirdswereunabletomemorize.Lastyear,thatwastoppedbyAlexKacelnik,aprofessorofbehavioralecologyatOxford,whodiscoveredthatcrows(乌鸦)arecapableofusingtoolsincomplexorders,thefirsttimesuchbehaviourhasbeenobservedinnon-humans.Inanexperimentsevencrowssuccessfullygrabbedapieceoffoodplacedoutofreachusingthreedifferentlengthsofstick.Crucially,theywereabletocompletethetaskwithoutanyspecialtraining,suggestingthebirdswerecapableofalevelofabstractreasoningnormallyassociatedonlywithhumans.Allthisispowerfulevidenceagainsttheideathatpeopleareunique.Scientistshavediscoveredsignsoflanguageandintelligenceinmonkeysandbirds.Somemonkeyscancommunicatevariousmessageswithdifferentcallsinandacrossspecies.Somebirds,likeparrotsandcrows,havetheabilitytomemorizeandreason.Solanguageandintelligencearenotuniquetohumans.22020年春考GlobalCooperationInthe21stcentury,we’veseenanewtrendthatispushingtheboundaries(边界)ofhumaninventionandinnovation—globalcooperation.Scientificandtechnicalresearchanddevelopmentisnowsocomplicatedthatnoonescientistcanknowitall.So,increasingly,innovationiscomingfromthecombiningofcutting-edgeexpertise(专业知识)fromdifferentscientificfields.Therearenowover8,000scientificjournalsworldwideanditisimpossibletobeanexpertinallareas.Therefore,inthishighlyspecializedworld,scientists,medicsandengineershavetocooperateinordertoinnovate.ProfessorBobLangeratMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)hasmadesignificantbreakthroughsinthefieldofbiomedicalengineering.Buthehasn’tdoneitonhisown.Hehasinvitedexpertsfromaroundtheworldindifferentfieldstoformaglobalteamtodesignnewsubstanceswhichcangoinsidethebody,delivermedicinesandthendissolve.AlsoatMIT,whenCesarHaradaheardabouttheoilspillintheGulfofMexicoin2010,hequithisdreamjobthereandtriedtodevelopamoreefficientwaytoremovetheoil.Butratherthanfocusingonprofit,hedecidedto‘open-source’thedesign.Hesharedhisownideasonthewebforfreeandthengotexpertsfromallaroundtheworldtocontributeideasandevendonations.Thankstothisfree,not-for-profitwayofsharingideasandintellectualpropertyontheinternet,aboatcapableofcleaningoilquicklycameintobeing.Obviously,internationalcooperationbasedonsharinginformationfreelyhasproducedinnovativeapproachestosolvingproblems.Itappearsthatthedaysofbrilliantindividualsworkingintheirgaragesontheirownareover.Globalteamswithaunitedpurposebuildingoneveryone’sexpertisecancollectivelydofarmorethanonebrilliantindividual.Today’sworldcallsforglobalcooperators,sharers,andnotprotectorsofideas.Inthiscentury,globalcooperationinscienceandtechnologyisdesirablebecausenosinglescientistcanbeaknow-allduetothecomplexityofresearchanddevelopment.Scientistsareworkingtogethertomake3breakthroughs.Theyalsomanagetosolveproblemsbysharingideasinformationfreely.Gonearethedayswhenoneexpertcanmakeitalone.2019年秋考Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Beingamongthefirsttotryoutanewpieceoftechnologyiscool.Whenyou’retheonlymemberofyoursocialcirclewiththelatesthotdevice,peoplestareinfascination.However,peopletendtounderestimatethecostsofthistemporarycoolness,whichtheypayinmorewaysthanone.Franklyspeaking,earlyadoptionisabadinvestment.Theearliestversionsofdevicesarenotonlyexpensive,theyarealsothemostexpensivethatthosedeviceswilleverbe.Companiesareattemptingtorecoverthecostofproductionasfastastheycan,andoncetheprofitsfromearlyadopters’purchasesaresafelyintheirhands,theycancutthepriceandshifttothenextmarketingphase:sellingtheproducttoeveryoneelse.ThisiswhythecostoftheoriginaliPhonedroppedabout$200onlyeightmonthsafteritsrelease.Thosewhoarefirsttoleapintoanewtechnologyalsoriskwastingmoneyandtimeonsomethingthatwillnevercatchon.In2006,HDDVDs,anewformat（制式）forvideo,enteredthemarket.AfeweagerconsumersboughtHDDVDplayersthatwerediscontinuedinearly2008.Theearlyadopterswerethenstuckwithpriceydevicesthatjustsatontheirshelvescollectingdust.Anothergoodreasontoresisttheearlyadoptiontemptationisthatthefirstversion