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TenStepstoWritinganEffectiveAbstractAnabstractisacondensedversionofthemanuscript,whichhighlightsthemajorpointscovered,conciselydescribesitscontentandscope,andreviewsitsmaterialinabbreviatedform.Itisusuallythefirstsectionreadandsetsthetoneofthepaperforthereviewer.Itmustbeconciseandeasytoreadandmustcovertheimportantpointsofthepaper.Manypublicationshavearequiredstyleforabstracts;theGuidelinesforAuthorsprovidedbythepublisherwillprovidespecificinstructions.Staywithinthepublisher’sguidelines,oryourmanuscriptmightberejected.Writinganabstractinvolvessummarizingawholemanuscriptandprovidingasmuchnewinformationaspossible.Thebestwaytowriteaneffectiveabstractistostartwithadraftofthecompletemanuscriptandfollowthese10steps:1.Identifythemajorobjectivesandconclusions.2.Identifyphraseswithkeywordsinthemethodssection.3.Identifythemajorresultsfromthediscussionorresultssection.4.Assembletheaboveinformationintoasingleparagraph.5.Stateyourhypothesisormethodusedinthefirstsentence.6.Omitbackgroundinformation,literaturereview,anddetaileddescriptionofmethods.7.Removeextrawordsandphrases.8.Revisetheparagraphsothattheabstractconveysonlytheessentialinformation.9.Checktoseeifitmeetstheguidelinesofthetargetedjournal.10.Givetheabstracttoacolleague(preferablyonewhoisnotfamiliarwithyourwork)andaskhim/herwhetheritmakessense.Writinganeffectiveabstractwillimprovethechancesofyourmanuscriptbeingaccepted,encouragepeopletoreadit,andincreaseitsimpact.AnumberofstudieshaveindicatedthatabadlywrittenmanuscriptwithpooruseofEnglish,evenwithgoodscience,haslesschanceofbeingacceptedandpublished.