语言学教程第一章

EnglishLinguisticsSchoolofForeignLanguages,ShandongUniversityofTechnologyWhatdoyouexpectofthecourse?Textbook:胡壮麟（主编），2011，《语言学教程》（第四版），北京大学出版社。Timeforthecourse：twosessions,oneyearAssessmentmethod:finalexamination(70%)+attendance+homeworkMissmorethansixclasses,fail;Leaveofabsenceforprivateaffairsformorethanelevenclasses,fail.CourseDescriptionCourseDescriptionAim:Thiscoursewillpresentyouwithsomeofthebasicknowledgeaboutlanguage,includingthenatureoflanguage,itssystemandorganization,itsrelationswithotherfactorssuchaspsychology,culture,society,mind,literature,languagelearningandteaching,etc.Haveabasicunderstandingonthekeyideasandmainbranchesoflinguistics.DeveloptheabilityofobservationandanalysisThemythsoflanguagewaitustoreveal:四川人不怕辣，湖南人辣不怕，贵州人怕不辣。我激动得说都不会话了。菊清平乐相逢缥缈，窗外又拂晓。长忆清弦弄浅笑，只恨人间花少。黄菊不待清尊，相思飘落无痕。风雨重阳又过，登高多少黄昏。Isbilingualenvironmentbeneficialforchildren’sIQ?IsEnglishorChineseamoredevelopedlanguagethanothers?……WhybothertostudylinguisticsItmakesyoudistinctfrommereEnglishlearnersandEnglishspeakers.Ithelpstodevelopyourabilitytothinkconsciously,theabilitytofindandsolveproblems.ItistestedifyoupursueyourgraduatestudyintheEnglishdepartment.WhybothertostudylinguisticsHowtostudy网络教学平台PreviewandreviewRelateittoyourdailylanguageuse,useitasatooltoexplainAnofficialaccountinWechat:语言学午餐Ling-LunchWhatisspecialaboutlanguageoflinguistics?•LanguageofcommonsenseVs.Languageofscience•Thediscourseofsciencecannottranslateintocommonsensewithoutlostofmeaning.•Inanytypicalgroupofsciencestudentstherewillbesomewhofindthemselvesindifficulty.Islinguisticsdifficulttolearn?•人之为学有难易乎？学之，则难者亦易矣；不学，则易者亦难矣。Whattolearninthissession•Chapter1Invitationstolinguistics•Chapter2Speechsounds•Chapter3Morphology(wordformation)•Chapter4Syntax(sentencestructure)•Chapter5Meaning•Chapter8Languageinuse(meaninginuse)ChapterOneThebasicissuesinthischapter:1.WhatisLinguistics?1.1Thedefinitionoflinguistics1.2Mainbranchesoflinguistics1.3Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics2.WhatisLanguage?2.1Thedefinitionoflanguage2.2.Designfeaturesoflanguage2.3Functionsoflanguage1.WhatisLinguistics?Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.Twoimportantmessagesareconveyedinthisdefinition:first,‘scientific’communicatesthemethodthatshouldbeadoptedinlinguisticstudy;second,‘language’communicatestheproperobjectofstudyforlinguistics.1.1Thedefinitionoflinguistics——————————Themethodusedinlinguisticstudy1.Collectandobservelanguagefacts,whicharefoundtodisplaysomesimilarities,andgeneralizationsaremade.2.Hypothesesaboutthelanguagestructureareformulated.3.Theformulatedhypothesesarecheckedagainsttheobservedfactstoprovetheirvalidity.•Aoneyearoldboypronouncessomeunintelligiblesounds.Hismomfindsitlikethesoundofball.(collectandobserve)•Thirsty?Hungry?Ball?Circles?Theboysmileswhenmomcallcirclesinahandkerchiefball.Somethingroundisaball.（hypotheses）•Tryotherroundobjects.(checkthevalidityofhypotheses)Thestudyobjectoflinguistics•Whatislanguage?•Whatarerulestherearethatgovernthestructureoflanguage?•Whatdoalllanguageshaveincommon?•Howsocialfactorsarereflectedinlanguage?•Howdoesachildacquirehismothertongue?•……1.2Mainbranchesoflinguistics1.3Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics1.Descriptivevs.prescriptive2.Synchronicvs.diachronic3.Langueandparole4.Competenceandperformance5.Speechandwriting1)Descriptivevs.prescriptiveThedescriptivestudyoflanguageistorecordlinguisticphenomenaorrules,tostudylanguageasasocialphenomenon.Theprescriptivestudyoflanguageistostatethatcertainlinguisticphenomenaorrulesshouldorshouldnotbeobeyed,likeagrammarbookdoes.Linguistsusuallyusethefirstmethodintheirstudyoflanguage.•Prescriptive:•网络语言不标准，不规范。•Descriptive:•网络语言的性质、词汇、句法、修辞特征；•网络语言的规范以及对待网络语言的态度；•网络语言与语文教学、当代社会文化、网民的社会心理特征、网络词语及其意义生成的认知机制等。2)Synchronicvs.diachronicSynchronicstudyoflanguagetakesafixedinstantasitspointofobservation.Diachronicstudyexamineslanguagethroughthecourseoftime.Itstudiesthedevelopmentorhistoryoflanguage.Synchronicordiachronic?•近代汉语副词研究60年（1949-2009）•汉语基本颜色词的进化阶段与颜色范畴•离合词形成的历史及成因分析•主观化对句法限制的消解•国外话语标记研究及其对汉语研究的启示•中英文前言作者自称语语用对比研究3)LangueandparoleSaussuremadethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparole.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.Itisasocialphenomenon.Paroleistheactualspeakingoflanguagebyanindividualspeaker.Itisanindividuallinguisticphenomenon.LangueParole1setofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetoabidebytheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules2abstractconcrete3relativelystablevariesfrompersontoperson,fromsituationtosituation4)Competence&performanceChomsky’scompetencereferstotheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Itstressesthepsychologicalormentalpropertyoflanguage.Performancereferstotheactualuseofthelanguagebyaspeakerinarealcommunicationalcontext.Itistheexternalrealizationoftheinternallinguisticcompetence.•HowisChomsky’sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformancesimilartoSaussure’slangueandparole?•Similarity:thestudyobjectoflinguists•Differences:sociologicalviewvs.psychologicalview5.SpeechandWriting•Isspeechorwritingtheprim