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（1）Immiserizinggrowth:thesituationwhereanation’stermsoftradedeterioratesomuchasaresultofgrowththatthenationisworseoffaftergrowththanbefore,evenifgrowthwithouttradetendstoimprovethenation’swelfare.（2）H-Otheory：thetheorythatpostulatesthat(a)anationexportscommoditiesintensiveinitsrelativelyabundantandcheapfactorand(b)internationaltradebringsaboutequalizationinreturnstohomogeneousfactorsacrosscountries.（3）Factor-priceequalizationtheorem:thepartoftheH-Otheorythatpredicts,underhighlyrestrictiveassumptions,thatinternationaltradewillbringaboutequalizationinrelativeandabsolutereturnstohomogeneousfactorsacrossnations.（4）Stolper-Samuelsontheorem:itpostulatesthatfreeinternationaltradereducestherealincomeofthenation’srelativelyscarcefactorandincreasestherealincomeofthenation’srelativelyabundantfactor.（5）Specific-factorsmodel:themodeltoanalyzetheeffectofachangeincommoditypriceonthereturnsoffactorsinanationwhenatleastonefactorisnotmobilebetweenindustries.（6）Leontiefparadox:theempiricalfindingthatU.S.ImportsubstitutesweremoreKintensivethanU.S.Exports.thisiscontrarytotheH-Otrademodel,whichpredictsthat,asthemostK-abundantnation,theUnitedStatesshouldimportL-intensiveproductsandexportK-intensiveproducts.（7）Differentiatedproducts:thesomewhatdifferentproducts(suchasautomobiles)producedbydifferentmanufacturersinthesameindustryorgeneralproductgroup.（8）Intra-industrytrade:internationaltradeinthedifferentiatedproductsofthesameindustryorbroadproductgroup.（9）Productcyclemodel:thehypothesis,advancedbyVernon,thatnewproductsintroducedbyindustrialnationsandproducedwithskilledlaboreventuallybecomestandardizedandcanbeproducedinothernationswithlessskilledlabor.(13)optimumtariff:thetariffthatmaximizesthenetbenefitresultingfromimprovementinthenation’stermsoftradeagainstthenegativeeffectresultingfromreductioninthevolumeoftrade.(14)Termsoftradeeffectofatariff:thereductioninthepriceoftheimportcommoditythatresultswhenalargenationimposesanimporttariff.(15)Nominaltariff:Atariffcalculatedonthepriceofafinalcommodity.(16)Rateofeffectiveprotection:Thetariffcalculatedonthedomesticvalueaddedintheproductionofacommodity.(17)Rybczynskitheorem:postulatesthatatconstantcommodityprices,anincreaseintheendowmentofonefactorwillincreasebyagreaterproportiontheoutputofthecommodityintensiveinthatfactorandwillreducetheoutputoftheothercommodity.(18)Customsunion:removesallbarriersontradeamongmembersandharmonizestradepoliciestowardtherestoftheworld.(19)externaleconomies：Economistsdefineexternaleconomiesasproductivitygainsandcostsreductionsthatanindividualfirmreapsfromtheexpansionofotherfirmsinthesameindustry.(20)Exportsubsidies:thegrantingoftaxreliefandsubsidizedloanstopotentialexporters,andlow-interestloanstoforeignbuyersofthenation’sexports.(21)Tradegain:theincreaseinconsumptionineachnationresultingfromspecializationinproductionandtrading.(22)Absoluteadvantage:thegreaterefficiencythatonenationmayhaveoveranotherintheproductionofacommodity.ThiswasthebasisfortradeforAdamSmith.(23)技术性贸易壁垒TechnicalbarrierstotradeTBTUnreasonableorunwarrantedcharacteristicsorspecifications(suchasthelevelofperformance,packaging,quality,orsafety)thataproductmustmeetbeforebeingallowedintoacountry.(24)TechnologicalgapmodelThehypothesisthataportionofinternationaltradeisbasedontheintroductionofnewproductsorprocesses.(25)重叠需求理论overlappingdemands:tradeinmanufacturesislikelytobelargestamongcountrieswithsimilartastesandincomelevels.(26)经济一体化Economicintegration:thecommercialpolicyofdiscriminativelyreducingoreliminatingtradebarriersonlyamongthenationsjoiningtogether.经济增长