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《国际贸易》英文名词解释InternationalTrade(国际贸易)Internationaltradeistheinternationalexchangeofgoodsandservicesbetweencountries.Thistypeoftradegivesrisetoaworldeconomy,inwhichprices,orsupplyanddemand,affectandareaffectedbyglobalevents.FreeTrade（自由贸易）Themainideaoffreetradeisthatsupplyanddemandfactors,operatingonaglobalscale,willensurethatproductionhappensefficiently.Therefore,nothingneedstoprotectorpromotetradeandgrowthbecausemarketforceswilldosoautomatically.Protectionism（贸易保护主义）Incontrast,protectionismholdsthatregulationofinternationaltradeisimportanttoensurethatmarketsfunctionproperly.Advocatesofthistheorybelievethatmarketinefficienciesmayhamperthebenefitsofinternationaltradeandtheyaimtoguidethemarketaccordingly.ProductionPossibilitiesCurve/Frontier(生产可能性曲线/边界)AProductionPossibilitiesFrontierisagraphthatshowsthevariouscombinationsofoutputthattheeconomycanpossiblyproduce,giventheavailablefactorsofproductionandtheexistingtechnology.OpportunityCost(机会成本)OpportunityCostmeanswhatevermustbegivenuptoobtainsomeitem.SupplyCurve(供给曲线)ASupplyCurveisagraphthatshowstherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitysupplied.DemandCurve(需求曲线)ADemandCurveisagraphthatdescribestherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitydemanded.ExcessSupplyCurve（出口供给曲线）BecauseExcessSupplyisasituationinwhichquantitysuppliedisgreaterthanquantitydemanded,ExcessSupplyCurvecanbedefinedasagraphthatdepictstherelationshipbetweenthepriceandtheavailablequantityforexportofaproduct.ExcessSupplyCurvecanbederivedfromsubtractingasupplycurvewithacorrespondingdemandcurve.ExcessDemandCurve（进口需求曲线）BecauseExcessDemandisasituationinwhichquantitydemandedisgreaterthanquantitysupplied,ExcessDemandCurvecanbedefinedasagraphthatdepictstherelationshipbetweenthepriceandthedesirablequantityforimportofaproduct.ExcessDemandCurvecanbederivedfromsubtractingademandcurvewithacorrespondingsupplycurve.ConsumerSurplus(消费者剩余)ConsumerSurplusmeansabuyer'swillingnesstopayminustheamountthebuyeractuallypays.Consumersurplusmeasuresthebenefittobuyersofparticipatinginamarket.ProducerSurplus(生产者剩余)ProducerSurplusistheamountasellerispaidforagoodminustheseller'scost.Producersurplusmeasuresthebenefittosellersofparticipatinginamarket.EconomiesofScale(规模经济)EconomiesofScalemeansthepropertywherebythelong-runaveragecostfallsasthequantityofoutputincreases.DiseconomiesofScale(规模不经济)DiseconomiesofScalemeansthepropertywherebythelong-runaveragecostrisesasthequantityofoutputincreases.ConstantReturnstoScale(规模报酬不变)ConstantReturnstoScalemeansthepropertywherebythelong-runaveragecoststaysthesameasthequantityofoutputchanges.IndifferenceCurve(无差异曲线)IndifferenceCurveisacurvethatshowsconsumptionbundlesthatgivetheconsumerthesamelevelofsatisfaction.TheGravityModel(引力模型)Initsbasicform,thegravitymodelassumesthatonlysizeanddistance(经济规模和距离)areimportantfortradeinthefollowingway：Tij=AxYixYj/Dij两国之间的贸易规模与经济规模成正比，与两国之间的距离成反比。ServiceOutsourcing(服务外包)Serviceoutsourcingoccurswhenafirmthatprovidesservicesmovesitsoperationstoaforeignlocation.(服务外包是指一个企业将原本由自己提供的服务转移给国外供应商。)Mercantilism(重商主义)Beliefthatnationcouldbecomerichandpowerfulonlybyexportingmorethanitimported.MercantilistsmeasuredwealthofanationbystockofpreciousmetalsitpossessedAbsoluteAdvantage(绝对优势)Anationhasabsoluteadvantageoveranothernationifitcanproduceacommoditymoreefficiently.Whenonenationhasabsoluteadvantageinproductionofacommodity,butanabsolutedisadvantagewithrespecttotheothernationinasecondcommodity,bothnationscangainbyspecializingintheirabsoluteadvantagegoodandexchangingpartoftheoutputforthecommodityofitsabsolutedisadvantage.ComparativeAdvantage(比较优势)Evenifonenationislessefficientthan(hasabsolutedisadvantagewithrespectto)theothernationinproductionofbothcommodities,thereisstillabasisformutuallybeneficialtrade.ProductionPossibilities(生产可能性)Theproductionpossibilityfrontier(PPF)ofaneconomyshowsthemaximumamountofagoodsthatcanbeproducedforafixedamountofresources.FactorEndowment(要素禀赋)theoverallamountofproductivefactors,suchascapital,labor,andland,availabletoonenation.FactorAbundance（要素丰裕度）Therearetwowaystodefinefactorabundance.Onewayisintermsofphysicalunits(i.e.,intermsoftheoverallamountofcapitalandlaboravailabletoeachnation).Anotherwayisintermsofrelativefactorprice(i.e.,intermsoftherentalpriceofcapitalandthepriceoflabortimeineachnation).FactorIntensity(要素密集度)Inaworldoftwocommodities(XandY)andtwofactors(laborandcapital),atanygivenwage-interest,wesaythatcommodityYiscapitalintensiveifthecapital-laborratio(K/L)usedintheproductionofYisgreaterthanK/LusedintheproductionofX.Heckscher-OhlinTheorem(H-O定理)Aneconomyispredictedtoexportgoodsthatareintensiveinitsabundantfactorsofproductionandimportgoodsthatareintensiveinitsscarcefactorsofproduction.(一个国家将出口密集使用其相对丰富要素的商品，进口密集使用其相对稀缺要素的商品。)Stolper-Samuelsontheorem（S-S定理）:长期内，出口产品生产部门密集使用的生产要素（本国的充裕要素）的报酬提高；进口产品生产中密集使用的生产要素（本国的稀缺要素）的报酬下降。Thefactorpriceequalizationtheorem(要素价格均等化定理)Becauserelativeoutputpricesareequalizedandbecauseofthedirectrelationshipbetweenoutputpricesandfactorprices,factorpricesarealsoequalized.(由于产品价格和要素价格的一一对应关