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研究：狗也有嫉妒心Dogscanbejealous,sayscientists——Dogsarepronetocomplexemotionssuchasjealousyandpride,accordingtoscientificresearchthatshedsnewlightontheirrelationshipwithhumans.Caninesdonotlikeseeingtheirownersofferingaffectiontoothercreatures,especiallyotherdogs,andreactnegativelywhentheirownersbringhomenewpartners,theresearchfound.Psychologistspreviouslybelievedmostanimalslackthesenseofselfneededtoexperienceso-calledsecondaryemotionssuchasjealousy,embarrassment,empathyorguilt.Theseemotionsaremorecomplexthanfeelingsassociatedwithinstantreaction–suchasanger,lustorjoy.DrFriederikeRange,oftheUniversityofVienna'sneurobiologydepartment,hasshownthatdogsfeelintensejealouslywhentheyspotthattheyareunfairlytreatedcomparedwithotherdogs.Dogsshowastrongaversiontoinequity,shesaid.Thedogstudyisthelatestintoseveralspecies,includingcows,horses,catsandsheep,whichhaveshownthatanimalsarefarmoreself-awarethanwasthought.DrPaulMorris,apsychologistattheUniversityofPortsmouthwhostudiesanimalemotions,toldTheSundayTimes:Wearelearningthatdogs,horses,andperhapsmanyotherspeciesarefarmoreemotionallycomplexthanweeverrealised.Theycansuffersimpleformsofmanyemotionsweoncethoughtonlyprimatescouldexperience.Inresearchamongdogowners,DrMorrisfoundalmostallofthemreportedjealousbehaviourbytheirpets.Thedogoftentriedtoprisetheirownerawayfromanewloverintheearlydaysofarelationship.Behaviouralexpertsrecommendownerskeepingtheirdog'sroutineasmuchaspossiblewhenanewpartnerorchildcomesalonginordertopreventjealousactivityfromthedogsuchasinterruptionswithbarkingorwhining.一项科学研究表明，狗也会产生嫉妒和骄傲等复杂的情感。该研究进一步揭示了狗与人之间的关系。研究发现，狗不愿意看到自己的主人对其它动物，尤其是其它的狗表现出关注。当主人把新男友或女友带回家时，它们也会表现出抵触情绪。此前，心理学家认为大多数动物缺乏体会嫉妒、困窘、移情和内疚等高级情感的“自我意识”。这些情感远比愤怒、欲望或高兴等与即时反应相关的情感复杂。奥地利维也纳大学的神经生物学博士弗里德里克•朗格称，当狗意识到自己得到的关注不如其它狗，即受到了不公正待遇时，就会表现出强烈的嫉妒情绪。她说：“狗对不公正十分抵触。”此前研究人员已对牛、马、猫、羊等动物进行了类似研究，结果表明，动物的自我意识远远超出人的意料。朴茨茅斯大学从事动物情感研究的心理学家保罗•莫里斯在接受《星期日泰晤士报》采访时说：“我们发现狗、马，可能还有其他很多动物的情感比我们预想的丰富得多，它们同样会表现出多种简单的感情形式，而之前我们以为只有灵长类动物才具有这样的高级情感。”此外，莫里斯对养狗人开展的一项调查发现，几乎所有人都称他们的宠物狗有过嫉妒行为。比如，在他们把新男友或女友带回家的最初几天，他们的狗总是想方设法让他们远离对方。行为学家建议，当家里出现新成员时，尽量不要打乱宠物狗的生活规律，以避免它们因为嫉妒而狂吠或哀嚎。Dogsarepronetocomplexemotionssuchasjealousyandpride,accordingtoscientificresearchthatshedsnewlightontheirrelationshipwithhumans.Vocabulary:aversion:Afixed,intensedislike;repugnance（反感；厌恶）prise:touseforcetodislodge(something)fromitspositionusuallythroughleverage（把……移走）总统模拟游戏即将出炉玩家试当奥巴马GamerscanpretendtobePresidentObamaAcomputergamesettohitUSstoresthedayBarackObamaissworninaspresidentchallengesplayerstoseewhethertheycandoabetterjobrunningthecountrythanhecan.InteractiveGamingSoftware(IGS)saidonMondayitwouldmakeCommanderinChiefavailableonJanuary20,thedayofObama'sinauguration.'Playerpresidents'willmakebudget,health,education,military,diplomaticandotherdecisionsinsimulatedenvironmentsandhavetovirtuallylivewiththeramificationsoftheirchoices.CommanderinChiefwillgiveplayersinformationfrom50internationalorganizationsincludingtheUN,NATOandOPEC.Youcanputyourownpoliticaltheoriesintoactionandseethedomesticandinternationaldominoeffect,leaddesignerLouis-MarieRocqueshadsaidinApril.AnyonewillnowbeabletodeveloptheirownexitstrategyforIraq,reversethecourseoftheeconomicrecessionandattempttopreventterroristattacksfromAl-Qaeda.Throughoutthegamethereisathreatofterroriststrikesorinvasionbyforeigntroops.Playerswillstartbyselectingcabinetmembersandthengoontotacklethesamesocial,environmental,economic,energy,culturalandmilitaryissuesfacingObama'sadministration.美国一家游戏公司将于明年奥巴马就职日当天推出一款模拟总统的电脑游戏，在这款游戏中，玩家可以一尝当总统的滋味，与奥巴马一比高下。美国IGS游戏公司于本周一宣布，他们将于明年1月20日奥巴马就任总统当天推出这款名为“总司令（CommandinChief）”的游戏。“模拟总统”将在游戏模拟的环境中制定预算以及医疗、教育、军事和外交各个方面的政策，并且他们所做的任何决定都会有后续影响。游戏将向玩家提供包括联合国、北约和欧佩克在内的50个国际组织的信息。游戏主设计师路易斯-玛丽•若克斯于今年四月称：“玩家可以将自己的政治理念付诸实施，看看会在国内外引起什么样的连锁反应。”他说：“每位玩家都可以设计从伊拉克撤军、振兴经济以及‘反恐’等有关各个问题的方针。”玩家在游戏中还会面临恐怖袭击以及外国军队入侵的威胁。游戏开始时玩家首先要选择内阁成员，接下来要处理与奥巴马政府所面临的一系列同样的问题，包括社会、环境、经济、能源、文化和军事等各个方面。Vocabulary:swearin:宣誓就职livewith:忍受ramification:Adevelopmentorconsequencegrowingoutofandsometimescomplicatingaproblem,plan,orstatement（结果：对复杂的问题、计划或陈述的发展或由其所造成的后果）男女快乐感有别男爱钱女重情Womenfindhappinessisnotabouttheeconomy,stupidMenarehappierwithmoney,whilewomenfindgreaterjoyinfriendshipsandrelationshipswiththeirchildren,co-workersandbosses,anewglobalsurveyreveals.Theonlinesurveyof28,153peopleinmorethan51countriesbyglobalmarketingandinformationfirmNielsenfoundthatastheworldgrappleswitharecessionandfinancialmarketsremainvolatile,manypeopleareremindingthemselvesthatmoneycan'tbuyhappiness.TheNielsenHappinessStudyfoundthatglobally,womenarehappierthanmenin48ofthe51countriessurveyedinApril2008,andonlyinBrazil,SouthAfricaandVietnamweremenfoundtobehappierthanwomen.Becausetheyarehappierwithnon-economicfactors,women'shappinessismorerecession-proofwhichmightexplainwhywomenaroundtheworldarehappieringeneralthanmenare,NielsenVicePresidentofConsumerResearchBrucePaulsaidinastatement.Japanesewomenreportedthegreatestdifferenceandare15percenthappierthanJapanesemen.Womenarealsomoreoptimisticaboutthefuture,scoringhigherthanmenonpredictionsoftheirhap