形合与意合

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形合与意合所谓形合,指的是句中的词语或分句之间用语言形式手段(如关联词)连接起来,表达语法意义和逻辑关系。TheAmericanHeritageDictionary给形合定义为:“Thedependentorsubordinateconstructionorrelationshipofclauseswithconnectives,forexample,Ishalldespairifyoudon’tcome.”所谓意合,指的是词语与分句之间不用语言形式手段连接,句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义表达。TheWorldBookDictionary给意合定义为:“Thearrangingofclausesoneaftertheotherwithoutconnectivesshowingtherelationbetweenthem.Example:Therainfell;theriverflooded;thehousewashedaway”英语句子结构特点:主谓搭架,枝叶上挂,叠床架屋,都有语法。这说明英语是形合的语言,结构严谨。汉语句子结构特点:话题说明,叙述分层,可断可续,意尽为界。这说明汉语是意合的语言,结构松散,形散而神聚,用词简洁。英译汉技巧:形合变意合,显性变隐性,去掉关联词语。汉译英技巧:意合变形合,隐性变显性,增加关联词语。英语形合法英语造句常用各种形式手段连接词、语、分句或从句,注重显性接应(overtcohesion),注重句子形式,注重结构完整,注重以形显义。英语句中的连接手段和形式(cohesiveties)不仅数量大,种类多,而且用得十分频繁:1.关系词和连接词。关系词包括关系代词、关系副词、连接代词和连接副词,如who,whom,whose,that,which,what,when,where,why,how等,用来连接主句和定语从句、主语从句、宾语从句或表语从句。连接词包括并列连词和从属连词,如and,or,but,yet,so,however,aswellas,(n)either…(n)or…,及when,while,as,since,until,so…that,unless,lest等,用来连接词、词组、分句或状语从句。英语造句几乎离不开这些关系词和连接词,汉语则少用甚至不用这些词。1)Allwasclearedupsometimelaterwhennewscamefromadistantplacethatanearthquakewasfelttheverydaythelittlecopperballfell.过了一些时候,从远方传来了消息:在小铜球坠落的当天,确实发生了地震。这一切终于得到了澄清。2)WhenItrytounderstandwhatitisthatpreventssomanyAmericansfrombeingashappyasonemightexpect,itseemsthattherearetwocauses,ofwhichonegoesmuchdeeperthantheother.为什么如此众多的美国人不能如想象中那样幸福呢?我认为原因有二,而两者之间又有深浅之分。3)Ithadbeenafine,goldenautumn,alovelyfarewelltothosewhowouldlosetheiryouth,andsomeofthemtheirlives,beforetheleavesturnedagaininapeacetimefall.那是个天气晴朗、金黄可爱的秋天,美好的秋色为那些青年们送别。待到战后和平时期,黄叶纷飞的秋天再度来临时,当日的青年已经失去了青春,有的丧失了生命。4)Itisflatteringtobelievethattheyaretooprofoundtobeexpressedsoclearlythatallwhorunmayread,andverynaturallyitdoesnotoccurtosuchwritersthatthefaultiswiththeirownmindswhichhavenotthefacultyofprecisereflection.(W.S.Maugham:Lucidity,Simplicity,Euphony)认为自己的思想深奥,不可能表达得很清楚,让任何人都能理解,这是一种虚荣的念头。这样的作家当然不会想到,问题还是出在自己脑子缺乏精确思考的能力。5)Itwaswhatsentimentalists,whodealinverybigwords,callayearningaftertheideal,andsimplymeansthatwomenarenotsatisfieduntiltheyhavehusbandsandchildrenonwhomtheymaycentreaffections,whicharespentelsewhere,asitwere,insmallchange.(W.Thackeray:VanityFair)一般情感主义者喜欢用大字眼,称之为对于理想爱情的渴望。换言之,它们认为女人的情感平时只能零星发泄,必须有了丈夫和孩子,情感收聚起来有了归宿,自己才能满足。2.介词介词包括简单介词(如with,to,in,of,about,between,through)、合成介词(如inside,onto,upon,within,without,throughout)和成语介词(如accordingto,alongwith,apartfrom,becauseof,infrontof,onbehalfof,withregardto)。据G.Curme统计,英语各类介词共约286个。介词是英语里最活跃的词类之一,是连接词、语或从句的重要手段。R.Bander指出:“Aprepositionmaybedefinedasaconnectingwordshowingtherelationofanounorsubstituteforanountosomeotherwordinthesentence.…PrepositionsappearconstantlyinEnglishspeechandwriting.…Overninetypercentofprepositionusageinvolvesthesenineprepositions:with,to,from,at,in,of,by,forandon.”英语造句几乎离不开介词,汉语则常常不用或省略介词。Themanycolorsofarainbowrangefromredontheoutsidetovioletontheinside.彩虹有多种颜色,外圈红,内圈紫。2)Hehadadisconcertinghabitofexpressingcontradictoryideasinrapidsuccession.他有一种令人难堪的习惯:一会儿一个看法,自相矛盾,变化无常。3)ThiswasanintelligentlyorganizedandferventmeetinginapackedTownHall,withMr.Stronginthechair.这是一次精心组织起来的会议。市政厅里济济一堂,热情洋溢,主持会议的是斯特朗先生。4)Powercanbetransmittedoveragreatdistancewithpracticallynegligiblelossifitiscarriedbyanelectriccurrent.电流可以把动力传送到很远的地方,其消耗几乎可以忽略不计5)Thepresentonslaughtofvehiclesposesaseriousthreattourbanlifeandpedestrianpeaceofmind.当前,车辆横冲直闯,严重地威胁着城市生活,路上行人无不提心吊胆。6)Changeofinformation,ifany,concerningthecontentsofthissectionwillbefoundintheappendixattheendofthisbook.本节内容如有更改,均见本书末附录。7)Shesaid,withperfecttruth,that“itmustbedelightfultohaveabrother,”andeasilygotthepityoftenderheartedAmelia,forbeingaloneintheworld,anorphanwithoutfriendsorkindred.(“VanityFair”)她说道,“有个哥哥该多好啊,”这话说得入情入理。她没爹没娘,又没有亲友,真是孤苦伶仃,软心肠的阿米莉亚听了,立刻觉得她可怜。3.其他连接手段,如形态变化形式,包括词缀变化,动词、名词、代词、形容词和副词的形态变化(如性、数、格、体、语态、语气、比较级、人称等)及其保持前后一致的关系(grammaticalandemotionalconcord),广泛使用代词以保持前呼后应的关系,以及用“it”和“there”作替补词(expletives)起连接作用等等。英语常常综合运用上述的关系词、连接词、介词以及其他连接手段,把各种成分连接起来,构筑成长短句子,表达一定的语法关系和逻辑关系。如:1)HeboaststhataslaveisfreethemomenthisfeettouchBritishsoilandhesellsthechildrenofthepooratsixyearsofagetoworkunderthelashinthefactoriesforsixteenhoursaday.他吹嘘说,任何奴隶一踏上英国的土地就获得自由,而他却出卖穷人家六岁的孩子到工厂干活,每天十六小时,受尽鞭打责骂。2)TheywouldhavehadtolivetherestoftheirlivesunderthestigmathattheyhadrecklesslyprecipitatedanactionwhichwreckedtheSummitConferenceandconceivablycouldhavelaunchedanuclearwar.他们恐怕免不了在有生之年要蒙受不洁之名,人们会说他们贸然采取行动,使最高级会议遭到搁浅,而且,可以设想,还可能挑起了一场核战争。3)Couldanyspectacle,forinstance,bemoregrimlywhimsicalthanthatofgunnersusingsciencetoshattermen’sbodieswhile,closeathand,surgeonsuseittorestorethem?炮手用科学毁坏了人体,而就在附近,外科医生用科学使其恢复健康,还有什么情景比这更加荒谬绝伦?4)Thereisnothingmoredisappointingtoahostesswhohasgonetoalotoftroubleorexpensethantohaveherguestsointerestedintalkingpoliticsorbusinesswithherhusbandthathefailstonoticetheflavorofthecoffee,thelightnessofthecake,ortheattractivenessofthehouse,whichmaybeherchiefinterestandpride.(“WesternManners”)最令女主人失望的是,她花了很多心神或费用招待客人,可是这位客人只顾津津有味地与她的丈夫谈政治、谈生意,却没注意到香喷喷的咖啡,松软的糕点,或房间内讲究的陈设,而这些却可能是她感到兴趣并引以自豪的主要所在。5)Eveninitsblastedcon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