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仔猪的营养与管理Nurserynutritionandmanagement一：断奶前后的变化二：断奶仔猪最需要什么三：如何根据实际情况推荐合适的产品营养学真意TheRealityofNutrition产出=(遗传+环境+营养)*管理P=(G+E+N)*M从母乳到干饲料Sow’sMilktodryfeed•液态Liquid(preferredbypig)•高质量，高消化，与体内酶系一直Nutrientshighquality,Highlydigestible,Meetsenzymeprofileofpig•免疫球蛋白Immunoglobulins•生长因子GrowthFactors•其他未知因子Otherunknownbeneficiaryfactors一：小肠结构的完整性Intestinalstructureatweaning•长绒毛Longvilli•浅隐窝Lowcryptdepth•高隐窝深度：绒毛高度比Highvillouslengthtocryptdepthratio•4~1Duodenum健康的小肠绒毛受损的小肠绒毛饲料形态对绒毛高度的影响effectsoffeedformonvillousheightafterweaning100200300400500600700DrydietMilkReplacerVilloushet,umP.001Touchetteetal.,1999影响肠道结构完整的因素•健康状况及病源体•饲料形态•奶中的生长因子•饮水•饲料中的抗原物质•谷氨腺氨•教槽料补料对断奶后的绒毛高度的影响Villilengthafterweaningrelatedtocreepfeedintakebeforeweaning25030035040045050001234567891011121314断奶后的天数DaysafterweaningVillilengthinmicron补料不补料断奶后5天绒毛高度和采食量的关系____________700600500400300200MEANVILLOUSHEIGHT(m)总的采食干物质量(g/天)0200400600||||ooooooooooooooooooooooPluske,J.R.etal.,Dept.OfAnimalScience,UniversityofAlberta1993采食量最关键Feedintakeisthekey010020030040050012345678910DaypostweaningFeedintake,g影响肠道结构完整的因素•健康状况及病源体•饲料形态•奶中的生长因子•饮水•饲料中的抗原物质•谷氨腺氨•教槽料，采食量二：酶系发育不完善•胃肠重量轻、容积小•出生时4-8克，可容25-40克初乳•20日龄达35克•50公斤才成熟每千克体重的酶的活力Enzymeactivityperkglive-weightlactasemaltasepepsine&trypsineamylaselipase断奶仔猪的周龄-V.d.Kerk,1982+Aumaitre,1983.-Kirchgessner-Lindemannetal.,1986.断奶后采食量对胰蛋白酶活力的影响trypsinactivity(pancreas&jejunum)atd6afterweaningrelatedtopost-weaningFI02468101214161820断奶后0-6天平均日采食量(g/d)01208016028024020040320360400TotalTrypsineActivityunitsx1000CarolineA.Makkink,1993,Ph.D.thesisDepartmentofAnimalNutrition,AgriculturalUniversityofWageningen.采食量最关键Feedintakeisthekey010020030040050012345678910DaypostweaningFeedintake,g•大约20天左右开始产酸StarttoproduceHCLaroundd20•乳糖产酸lactosetoacid•胃高PHHighPhinstomach•消化低Lowdigestionofnutrients•细菌生殖Bacteriainstomach三：产酸能力低断奶前补料对产酸能力的影响05101520250246810121416体重Bodyweight(kg)Acidproduction(mmol/hour)MilkandCreepfeed母乳和补料NoCreepfeed没有补料•被动+主动免疫Passive+activeimmune•免疫球蛋白出生后24-36小时达高峰，三周最低PassiveIGpeaksat24-36hafterbirth,downtoverylowat3weeks•主动免疫4-7周发育Primaryimmunedevelopat4-7week•断奶时免疫低，易得病Weaningat3-4wk,lowimmune,disease四：免疫机能不健全初乳免疫球蛋白含量（mg/ml）免疫球蛋白数量IgG对全身及肠道有免疫力58.7IgA对黏膜有免疫力10.7IgM预防3日内败血症3.2断奶前补料0510152025123456周龄产奶量(kg)母猪产奶量仔猪营养需要计划体重需补料量累计(kg)需要量母奶供给量需补给量（kg/头/天）(kg)134.044.040245.255.250366.805.980.820.060.42488.375.193.180.242.105109.945.194.750.354.5561311.514.756.760.508.0571613.083.839.250.7012.9582014.643.3711.270.9019.25消化能（兆焦/头，天）周龄断奶前补料补饲的意义1、训练咀嚼固体饲料及适应气味2、刺激化道中各淀粉酶和蛋白酶活性3、增加产酸能力4、肠壁发育5、弥补母乳供应不足所出现的营养缺乏6、减少母猪断奶应激如何补饲1、越早越好，最佳开始时间5-7日龄2、破碎料、颗粒料比粉状料更适用3、高档乳猪料4、清洁营养Nutrition•水water•能量energy•蛋白/氨基酸Protein/aminoacid•矿物质:钙,磷及微量元素Mineral•维生素Vitamin水water•奶中80%水•学习饮水和适应固体饲料的能力有个体差异•脱水影响食欲和生长速度，易感染疾病•从盆饮水比乳头式饮水器大•采食量由饮水量决定，而非采食量决定饮水量水water水流，l/m0.180.350.450.70饮水时间，min4.53.02.92.3饮水量，l/d0.81.01.31.6ADFI，g/d300320340350ADG,g/d210235250250FCR1.481.391.371.42断奶仔猪能量需要•乳中乳糖，脂肪及教槽料•消化淀粉、脂肪的能力差•能量存储少•饲料中乳糖断奶仔猪氨基酸需要•高生长率Highgrowthrate•高瘦肉率Highleanpercentage•低采食量Lowfeedintake•低消化能力lowdigestioncapability•高能量、氨基酸需要Highreqforenergyandaminoacids•高品质、高消化的蛋白源Highlydigestibleproteinsource•乳制品milkproducts•血液制品spray-driedplasma,bloodcells•优质鱼粉High-qualityfishmeal•大豆提炼蛋白soyisolatedproteinetc.断奶仔猪氨基酸需要理想蛋白模式Idealproteinpattern赖氨酸Lys100含硫氨基酸Met+Cys57苏氨酸Thr65色氨酸Trp21异量氨酸Ile55缬氨酸Val65氨基酸的利用率，%aminoacidavailabilityiningredients蛋白CP赖氨酸Lys消化率availability玉米Corn8.30.2678豆粕SBM47.53.0285鱼粉FM64.65.1189酒糟DDGS280.6247棉粕CSM42.41.6561菜粕RSM23.40.74合成赖氨酸L-lys78100NRC,19980-14天日增重，ADG,g/d2773363773092002402803203604001.151.301.451.60日粮赖氨酸，%0-14天料肉比，FCR1.281.080.951.150.600.700.800.901.001.101.201.301.401.151.301.451.60日粮赖氨酸，%采食量最关键Feedintakeisthekey010020030040050012345678910DaypostweaningFeedintake,g血浆蛋白对采食量的影响EffectofPlasmaonFeedIntake010020030040050012345678910DayPostweaningFeed,gPlasmaNoPlasmaQuadraticEffect,P.05TreatmentEffect,P.05Touchetteal.,1997母乳、断奶猪料和仔猪料营养成分母乳断奶仔猪料仔猪料蛋白质27%21%20%脂肪38%3-6%乳糖26%0-26%0%赖氨酸2.21.61.25特殊原料多有无•高0-14天•中15-28天•低29-关键在如何过渡断奶后第一周生长状况对上市日龄的影响断奶后第一周内平均日增重(g)Pollmann（1993）16817017217417617818018218400-150150-225225y=0.0267x+0.25830.300.340.380.420.460.500.545.05.56.06.57.07.58.0断奶体重对保育阶段(4wk)生长的影响仔猪的生长潜能Pigletgrowthpotential510152025303505101525303540505565Age(days)Weight(kg)RealPotentialDr.RamonGatnau,DVM,PhD,1998,Barcelona,Spain最佳生长曲线(bestgrowthcurve)0102030405060708090100110014284256708498112断奶后日龄(daysaftweaning)体重，千克(BW，kg)Fuetal.,2005现实的生长潜力有多少？？？•正大猪场保育生产性能..\HNR&D\Phase1&2060705\中牟猪场对比试验结果表wk3-4.xls？同期其它保育舍的生长性能1235料肉比1.331.371.531.46进猪总数421438424403平均体重6.06.36.36.43死亡率0.950.680.240.25体重24.523.323.024.5饲养时间40404144日增重421438424403限饲对生长的影响feedrestriction&ADG10085715060708090100110100%90%80%相对生长速度，%(relativeADG)限饲，%(restriction)1、断奶体重越大，保育生长速度越大2、保育生长越快，全期生长越快越大3、采食越大，生长越快保育猪的生长速度比较正大乳猪料和竞争对手乳猪料tocompareCTnurseryfeedwithcompetitornurseryfeedproducts试验四：目的Objectives(Exp.4)0-14天平均日采食量(公斤/天）d0-14ADFI,kg/d(July’06)0.2710.2660.2470.2030.000.050.100.150.200.250.300.35550GPCHENGNONGXINNONGLUSHUAI550GPvs.LushaiP0.05，550GPvs.ChengNong,Xing