2015年12月大学英语六级阅读真题

2015年12月大学英语六级阅读真题&答案Asitis,sleepissoundervaluedthatgettingbyonfewerhourshasbecomeabadgeo?Plus,weliveinaculturethat36tothelate–nighter,from24-hourgrocerystoreto?shoppingsitethatneverclose.It’snosurprise,then,thatmorethanhalfofAmericanadultsgetthe7to9hoursofshut-eyeeverynightas37bysleepexperts.Whetherornotwecancatchuponsleep–ontheweekend,say-isahotly38amongsleepresearchers.Thelatestevidencesuggeststhatwhileitisn’t39,itmight?whenLiu,theUCLAsleepresearcherandprofessorofmedicine,brought40sleep-restpeopleintothelabforaweekendofsleepduringwhichtheylaggedabout10hourspernight.?showed41intheabilityofinsulin(胰岛素)toprocessbloodsugar.Thatsuggests?upsleepmayundosomebutnotallofthedamagethatsleep42causes,whichisencouraging?givenhowmanyadultsdon’tgetthehourstheyneedeachnight.Still,Liuisn’t43toendthehabitofsleepinglessandmakingupforitlater.Sleepingpills,whilehelpfulforsome,arenot44aneffectiveremedyeither.“Asleepingpillwill45oneareaofthebrain,butthere’snevergoingtobeaperfectsleepingpill,becauseyoucouldn’treallyreplicate（复制）thedifferentchemicalsmovinginandoutofdifferentparts?thebraintogothroughthedifferentstagesofsleep,”saysDr.NancyCollop,directoroftheEm?UniversitySleepCenter.A)alternativelyI)negotiatedB)catersJ)pierceC)chronicallyK)presumptionD)debatedL)readyE)deprivationM)recommendedF)idealN)surpassesG)improvementsO)targetH)necessarily答案：BMDFOGELHJClimatechangemaybereal,butit’sstillnoteasybeinggreenHowdoweconvinceourinnercavemantobegreener?Weasksomeoutstandingsocialscientists.A)Theroadtoclimatehellispavedwithourgoodintentions.Politiciansmaytacklepolluterswhilescientistsdobattlewithcarbonemissions.Butthemostpervasiveproblemislessobvious:ourownbehaviour.Wegetdistractedbeforewecanturndowntheheating.Webreakourpromisenottoflyafterhearingaboutaneighbor’sriptoIndia.Ultimately,wecan’tbebotheredtochangeourattitude.Fortunatelyfortheplanet,socialscienceandbehavioraleconomicsmaybeabletodothatforus.B)Despitemournfulpolarbearsandcartsshowingcarbonemissionssoaring,motpeoplefindithardtobelievethatglobalwarmingwillaffectthempersonally.RecentpollsbythePewResearchCentreinWashington,DC,foundthat75-80percentofparticipantsregardedclimatechangeasanimportantissue.Butrespondentsrankeditlastonalistofpriorities.C)Thisinconsistencylargelystemsfromafeelingofpowerlessness.“Whenwecan’tactuallyremovethesourceofourfear,wetendtoadaptpsychologicallybyadoptingarangeofdefensemechanisms,”saysTomCrompton,changestrategistfortheenvironmentalorganizationWorldWideFundforNature.D)Partofthefaultlieswithourinnercaveman.Evolutionhasprogrammedhumanstopaymostattentiontoissuesthatwillhaveanimmediateimpact.“Weworrymostaboutnowbecauseifwedon’tsurviveforthenextminute,we’renotgoingtobearoundintenyears’time,”saysProfessorElkeWeberoftheCentreforResearchonEnvironmentalDecisionsatColumbiaUniversityinNewYork.IftheThameswerelappingaroundBigBen,Londonerswouldfaceuptotheproblemofemissionsprettyquickly.Butinpractice,ourbraindiscountstherisks—andbenefits—associatedwithissuesthatliesomewayahead.E)MatthewRushworth,oftheDepartmentofExperimentalPsychologyattheUniversityofOxford,seesthisinhislabeveryday.“Oneofthewaysinwhichallagentsseemtomakedecisionsisthattheyassignalowerweightingtooutcomesthataregoingtobefurtherawayinthefuture,”hesays.“Thisisaverysensiblewayforananimaltomakedecisionsinthewildandwouldhavebeenveryhelpfulforhumansforthousandsofyears.”F)Notanylonger.Bythetimewewakeuptothethreatposedbyclimatechange,itcouldwellbetoolate.Andifwe’renotgoingtomakenationaldecisionsaboutthefuture,othersmayhavetohelpustodoso.G)FewpoliticallibrariesarewithoutacopyofNudge:ImprovingDecisionsAboutHealth,WealthandHappiness,byRichardThalerandCassSunstein.Theyarguethatgovernmentsshouldpersuadeusintomakingbetterdecisions—suchassavingmoreinourpensionplans—bychangingthedefaultoptions.ProfessorWeberbelievesthatenvironmentalpolicycanmakeuseofsimilartactics.If,forexample,buildingcodesincludedgreenconstructionguidelines,mostdeveloperswouldbetoolazytochallengethem.H)Defaultsarecertainlypartofthesolution.Butsocialscientistsaremostconcernedaboutcraftingmessagesthatexploitourgroupmentality(心态).”Weneedtounderstandwhatmotivatespeople,whatitisthatallowsthemtomakechange,”saysProfessorNeilAdger,oftheTyndallCentreforClimateChangeResearchinNorwich.”Itisactuallyaboutwhattheirpeersthinkofthem,whattheirsocialnormsare,whatisseenasdesirableinsociety.”Inotherwords,ourinnercavemaniscontinuallylookingoverhisshouldertoseewhattherestofthetribeareupto.I)Thepassiveattitudewehavetoclimatechangeasindividualscanbealteredbycountingusin—andmeasuringusagainst—ourpeergroup.“Socialnormsareprimitiveandelemental,”saysDr.RobertCialdini,authorofInfluence:ThePsychologyofPersuasion.“Birdsflocktogether,fishschooltogether,cattleherdtogether…justperceivingnormsisenoughtocausepeopletoadjusttheirbehaviorinthedirectionofthecrowd.”J)Thesenormscantakeusbeyondgoodintentions.CialdiniconductedastudyinSanDiegoinwhichcoathangersbearingmessagesaboutsavingenergywerehungonpeople’sdoors.Someofthemessagesmentionedtheenvironment,somefinancialsavings,otherssocialresponsi