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:2006-08-28:(EnvironmentalDefense)(DeutscheGesellschaftfrTechnischeZusammenarbeit(GTZ)GmbH):MirandaSchreurs,,,.MirandaSchreurs1,RobertPercival21.DepartmentofGovernmentandPolitics,UniversityofMaryland,CollegePark,USA2.EnvironmentLawProgram,UniversityofMaryland,SchoolofLaw,CollegePark,USA:,,..:,,....,.,..,.;;.:;;:X321:A:1001-6929(2006)S0-0133-10EnvironmentalCrisisManagement:aComparativeAnalysisMirandaSchreurs1,RobertPercival21.DepartmentofGovernmentandPolitics,UniversityofMaryland,CollegePark,USA2.EnvironmentLawProgram,UniversityofMaryland,SchoolofLaw,CollegePark,USAAbstract:Environmentalcrisesoftenhaveservedascatalystsforimprovingenvironmentalgovernancebyspurringtheadoptionofmeasurestopreventtheirrecurrenceandtoincreasesocietyscapacitytorespondswiftlyandeffectivelytofuturecrises.ThispaperreviewsseveralexamplesofenvironmentalcrisesintheUnitedStates,EuropeandJapanandthechangesinregulatorypolicythattheyspawned.Basedonareviewofthisexperience,thepaperconcludesthatenvironmentalcrisismanagementshouldconsiderthefollowingmajorpoints:Emergencypreparednessrequiresthatnationalandlocalauthoritiesbeawareofpotentialenvironmentalhazardsthroughcarefulmonitoringofhazardouschemicalsusedbyindustry,theirfateandtransport,andtheirlikelyenvironmentalimpacts.Thosewhoengageinactivitiesthatposeenvironmentalrisksshouldberequiredtodemonstratethattheyhavedevelopedcomprehensiveandeffectiveemergencyresponseplans.Thoseresponsibleforreleasesofhazardoussubstancesshouldbeheldliableforthefullcostofremediatingdamagetotheenvironmentandhumanhealth.Theestablishmentofeffectiveliabilityschemesincreasesincentivesforinvestmentsinmeasurestopreventenvironmentalcrises.Whenenvironmentalcrisesdoarise,itisessentialthatinformationconcerningtheirnatureandscopebedisclosedpromptlytoemergencyresponseauthoritiesandthegeneralpublic.Promptreportingenhancestheabilityofresponseauthoritiestocontaindamagewhilemaintainingpublictrust.Topreventfutureenvironmentalcrisesitisessentialtolearnfrompastexperience.Independentinvestigativebodiesshouldexplorethecausesofenvironmentalaccidentsandrecommendmeasurestopreventtheirfutureoccurence.Itisnowwidelyacceptedthatgovernmentsandindustryhavearesponsibilitytotakemeasurestoprotectcitizensfrompotentialharmassociatedwithhazardousemissionsandotherharmfulactivities,toreactinsuchawayastominimizedamageswhenaccidentsdooccur,andtoprovidecompensationincaseswheredamagetohealthandtheenvironmentdoesoccur.Keywords:environmentalcrises;emergencypreparedness;emergencyresponse19ResearchofEnvironmentalSciencesVol.19,Suppl.,2006,[1].,,,.[2].[3]...,19524000,1.1969(SantaBarbara),,1969,.1978LoveCanal,LoveCanal,(1980)[4].1984(Bhopal)(1986)[5].1989-(Exxon2Valdez)2,1990[6].1:P.(Sandoz),;(Bhopal);;-(Exxon2Valdez);(Aurul);.P.....:;;;;..,,.2,,.206070,,,.:;,,.,,,..,,.2.1:..1963,.1967,..,,,.1970,1,.(EPA),43119.1977[7].1990.,,.1990(SO2).,,().SO2.1,.2,.,,.1t.,11t,()..,().,,,.,..,,.,[8].1990(EPA)189.,,.,,,,.[9].,1990,[10].21111[11]1948103031,(Donora)20,600(,1948130,4643000,20,5190.1951417235000).1948600.19501124,(PozaRica)22,..19521248,4000.,,.128,.195311,170260.195410,,.1962,,750.1965,4d,80.21112[11]1955.1963.1955.1956.19591,.7,,1969.1960531MirandaSchreurs:2.1961.1963.,9500.1967P,.1970.197011,(CEQ),,..1970122,(EPA).EPA,(NAPCA)(FWQA).1977.1990,10189,.2.2:.,,..11948,.205060,(TorreyCanyon),.19681,,.19701,.,,1972.;;;.1977,,[12].1972(SPCC)[13],().2002[14]..,(SPCC)..,,,;;.1968,,.,(1980)(1994),,,.24h,.[15],.,.,.2.3:,..21311LoveCanal:LoveCanal,70,,1663119,3.19,,.2010,,LoveCanal.2020,.194221000t.19521953,,1[16].2050,100.25,82(11),LoveCanal.1978.,.,,.,;218,77000.LoveCanal,.,.LoveCanal,LoveCanal,,[17].19781980,2LoveCanal,10950.1980,.1980LoveCanal,,.16,.19771980,4500,.1982().19827,EPA69[18].,,LoveCanal,.21312(CERCLA)(1980),().CERCLA,10.,,.19801.CERCLA.16;CERCLA,85..2:,,;(Post2Closer),,[19].EPA,(NPL).NPL,.20055,EPANPL1604[20].CERCLA,.CERCLA.:;;;().CERCLA.CERCLA.:731MirandaSchreurs:;;.CERCLA.:;;;.,d25000.,,..,.112.21313:,.,..1984123,.2000,.,.,10,,..,19892417,.,,1986.,.600.(TRI).21314(TRI).TRI().TRI..TRI,,,,,,.21315-(Exxon2Valdez)1989323,-(Exxon2Valdez),PrinceWilliamSound1100..-,,1990.,.CERCLA,.:,.-9,715,1.21316CERCLA,CERCLA.,.,,.CERCLA1016100120:83119..,;;..2.4,,.,[21]:1970,DDT.1972,(FIFRA)1947USDAEPA,1972,.1972,(TSCA).,EPA.1978TrianaDDT.,.1979,EPA2,4,5T(AgentOrange).1979.1980521,LoveCanal,700.1980,(CERCLA)EPA.516,.1986,90.2001.198212,EPA(TimesBeach).,,.19831985,33002400,.1986,EPA,,.330EPA,.1990,.3.,.,(SierraClub)(WWF)(NRDC)...,,..NRDC[22]:,2430.199112PugetSoundPCB.Achushnet,2.199211,PCBBuzzardsBay.Commencement,1330.199310,PugetSound.DunsmuirCantaraLoop,1400931MirandaSchreurs:.19943,42,.BlackbirdMine,6000.19955,Salmon.-.10,715,1.Montrose.DDTPCB.7300(4300,3000)..,,.,,.,1990,1998[23]..,.,,.4,.Seveso.1976,Seveso-p-(TCDD),.,,.,10;600,;2000.1982,Seveso,82P501PEEC(198285OJL230).Seveso,.1986Sandoz,Seveso2,198731987P216PEEC(1987328OJNoL85)1988112488P610PEEC(1988127OJNoL336).2,.1996129,96P82PEC,Seveso.().,..,,,()..Seveso.,,.().Seveso.,Ispra(MARS)(CDCIR).Seveso,.,.(,BaiaMar