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ChapterOneIntroductiontoInterculturalCommunicationHumanbeingdrawclosetooneanotherbytheircommonculture,buthabitsandcustomskeepthemapart.---ConfucianSaying1.Definition：InterculturalCommunicationiscommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionsandsymbolsystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.2.Ashorthistoryofinterculturalcommunication2.1TheBurgeoningPeriodTheterm“Interculturalcommunication”itselfdidnotappearuntilHall’sThesilentlanguagewaspublishedin1959.2.2From1960to1970a.Twopreventativebooksreflectthecontinuouseffortsmadebyscholarsinthefieldinthe1960’s:b.Olive’sCultureandCommunication(1962)andSmith’sCommunicationandCulture(1966)c.Thefirstcollegeclassinthisfieldtaughtin1966attheUniversityofPittsburgh.2.3From1971to1980a.The1970switnessedrapiddevelopmentinthefieldofinterculturalcommunication.b.In1973,SamovarandPorterpublishedInterculturalCommunication:Areaderc.IndianaUniversityawardedthefirstdoctoraldegreeininterculturalcommunication.d.CondonandYousef’sIntroductiontoInterculturalCommunication(1975)2.4From1981tothePresentTimea.CondonandYousef’sstressonculturalvalueorientationsandcommunicationbehaviorparallelsb.Hofstede’s(1984)laterworkonculturalvaluesc.Hall’swritingonhigh-contextandlow-contextculturesinBeyondCulture(1977).d.Scholarsintheearly1970sbegantomaketheircontributionsinresearchandteachingbythe1980s.3.ImportanceofInterculturalCommunicationThreedevelopments3.1Thenewtechnology3.2ThenewPopulation3.3ThenewEconomicArena4.StudyingInterculturalCommunicationWehavemettheenemy,andheisus.---PogoThreemainobstacles:First,Culturelacksadistinctcrystallinestructure;itisoftenriddledwithcontradictionsandparadoxes.Second,Culturecannotbemanipulatedorheldincheck;therefore,itisdifficulttoconductcertainkindsofresearchonthistopic.Third,westudyotherculturesfromtheperspectiveofourownculture,soourobservationsandourconclusionsaretaintedbyourorientation.5.InterculturalCommunicationThemainconceptionsininterculturalcommunication:Interculturalcommunication:Face-to-facecommunicationbetweenpeoplefromdifferingculturalbackgrounds.Interculturalcommunicationisdefinedastheextenttowhichthereissharedinterpersonalcommunicationbetweenmembersofthesameculture.5.1HostandMinorityCultureThehostcultureisthemainstreamcultureofanyoneparticularcountry.Minoritycultures:culturalgroupsthataresmallerinnumericaltermsinrelationtothehostculture.5.2Subcultures(Co-cultures)Subculture:asmaller,possiblynonconformist,subgroupwithinthehostculture.E.G.:BlackAmerican;NativeAmerican;Hispanic-American,Chinese-American,etc.5.3MulticulturalismMulticulturalismistheofficialrecognitionofacountry’sculturalandethnicdiversity(Hollway,1992)5.4Cross-culturalCommunication1.Cross-culturalcommunicationisface-to-facecommunicationbetweenrepresentativesofbusiness,governmentandprofessionalgroupsfromdifferentcultures.2.Diplomacyisoneoftheoldestformsofcross-culturalcommunication.Travelandtourismisasecondformofcross-culturalcommunication.3.Athirdformofcross-culturalcommunicationuniquetothishasbeenthegrowthofthemassmedia.Mostrecently,cross-culturalcommunicationhasbeenacceleratedbycross-borderinformationflowsbroughtaboutbycomputerization.5.5PrinciplesofInterculturalCommunicationCondonhashighlightedthreeareasasmostproblematicininterculturalexchange:1.Languagebarrier2.Differentvalues3.Differentpatternsofbehaviors.(Condon&Saito,1974)5.6RationaleWorldwideinterestininterculturalcommunicationgrowsoutoftwoassumptions:First,changesintechnology,travel,economicandpoliticalsystems,immigrationpatterns,andpopulationdensityhavecreatedaworldinwhichweincreasinglyinteractwithpeoplefromdifferentcultures.Second,one’sculturalperceptionsandexperienceshelpdeterminehowonesendsandreceivesmessages.5.7Approach1.Fundamentaltoourapproachtointerculturalcommunicationisthebeliefthatallformsofhumancommunicationinvolveaction.2.Thisbooktakesaviewofinterculturalcommunicationthatisbothpragmaticandphilosophical.5.8PhilosophyFirst,itistotheadvantageofall5.5billionsofuswhosharetheplanettoimproveourinterpersonalandinterculturalcommunicationabilities.Second,mostoftheobstaclestounderstandingcanbeovercomewithmotivation,knowledge,andappreciationofculturaldiversity.Activities:RightorWrong?•Youneedtolearntoacceptandlikeothercultures.•Youneedtorespectthevalidityofothercultures.•Underneath,peoplearefundamentallythesame.•Cultureispervasive.•IcandoexactlywhatIwant.Myactionsareindependentofmyculture.•Idon’thavetotalfreedomofchoiceinmybehavior.•Cultureandethnicityarethesame.•Ifwehavemorecontact,interculturalunderstandingwillimprove.•Culturalworthisintheeyeofthebeholder.•Theperceptionsoftheindividualrelatetotheperceptionsofthegroup.ChapterTwoLanguageUseandCommunication•Youcannotspeakofoceantoawell-fog,----thecultureofanarrowsphere.•Youcannotspeakoficetoasummerinsect,----thecreatureofaseason.---ChangTsuCommunication:1.ourabilitytoshareourideasandfeelings2.isthebasisofallhumancontact.1.HumanCommunication1.1IntentionalandUnintentionalBehaviorThefirstonedescribescommunicationastheprocesswherebyonepersondeliberatelyattemptstoconveymeani