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HallidayandSystemic-FunctionalGrammarGaoLei•MichaelAlexanderKirkwoodHallidayhasdevelopedideasstemmingfromFirth’stheoriesintheLondonSchool.•HeisprobablythemostimportantrepresentativeoftheSystemic-FunctionalSchool.Systemic-FunctionalGrammarhastwocomponents:SystemicGrammarandFunctionalGrammar.SystemicGrammarSystemicgrammaraimstoexplaintheinternalrelationsinlanguageasaSYSTEMNETWORK,orMEANINGPOTENTIAL.Andthisnetworkconsistsofsubsystemsfromwhichlanguageusersmakechoices.Thenotionofsystemismadeacentralexplanatoryprinciple,thewholeoflanguagebeingconceivedasa“systemofsystems”.Hallidaydefinessystemasasystemofpotentials,arangeofalternatives.SystemicGrammarpersonFirstpersonSecondpersonThirdpersonnumbersingularpluraltensepastpresentfuture当从有关系统中一一进行选择之后（如人称、数、及物性、语气、时态等），则可生成句子结构。SystemicGrammarTheaxisofchainSurfaceaspectsofgrammar,suchassentencestructures,linguisticunits,andtheirranks(sentence,clause,group,word,andmorpheme)TheaxisofchoiceMeaningaspectsofgrammarchoice(paradigmatic)Chain(syntagmatic)Onagenerallevel,thereistheChainSystemandtheChoiceSystemTherelationbetweensystemicgrammarandfunctionalgrammarThesystemnetworkinSystemicGrammarchieflydescribesthreecomponentsoffunction,orthreemetafunctions(ideational,interpersonal,andtextual).Eachofthemisacomplexsystemconsistingofothersystems,andchoicesaresimultaneouslymadefromthethreemetafunctions.FunctionalGrammarHallidaydefinesafunctionalgrammaras“essentiallya‘natural’grammar,inthesensethateverythinginitcanbeexplained”.Hallidayinterpretslanguagedevelopmentfromafunctionalpointofviewandformulatesafunctionaltheoryoflanguage.theideationaltheinterpersonalthetextualfunctionThreemetafunctionsFunctionalGrammarTheideationalfunctionistoconveynewinformation,tocommunicateacontentthatisunknowntothehearer.Theideationalfunctionmainlyconsistsof“transitivity”and“voice”.Theinterpersonalfunctionembodiesallusesoflanguagetoexpresssocialandpersonalrelations.Thetextualfunctionreferstothefactthatlanguagehasmechanismstomakeanystretchofspokenorwrittendiscourseintoacoherentandunifiedtextandmakealivingpassagedifferentfromarandomlistofsentences.TransitivityTransitivityisagrammaticalsystem.It“specifiesthedifferenttypesofprocessthatarerecognizedinthelanguage,andthestructuresbywhichtheyareexpressed”.Thebasicsemanticframeworkfortherepresentationofprocessconsistsofthreecomponents(1)theprocessitself,(2)participantsintheprocess,and(3)circumstancesassociatedwiththeprocess.ProcessInEnglish,wemakechoicesbetweendifferenttypesofprocess,participants,circumstances,roles,andmembers.Theyareknowncollectivelyasthetransitivitychoices.Wefirstdividedthechoicesintosixkinds:TransitivityMaterialprocess(Johnkickedtheball)Mentalprocess(JohnlikesMary)RelationalProcess(Johnisonthesofa)Behaviouralprocess(Johnlaughed)Verbalprocess(Johnsaiditiscoldintheroom)Existentialprocess(Thereisacatonthesofa)Process1.Materialprocesses:ProcessesofdoingMaterialprocessesareprocessesofdoing.Suchaprocessisexpressedbyanactionverb(e.g.beat、break、kick),anactor(logicalsubject)andthegoaloftheaction(logicaldirectobject,usuallyanounorapronoun).ActorandGoalcorrespondtoAgentandPatient.Forexample:Mybrotherbrokethewindow.(Actor-Process-Goal)Thegirlsmiles.(Actor-Process)Process2.MentalProcesses:ProcessesofsensingAmentalprocessconsistsoftwoparticipants:SenserandPhenomenon.Thesenseristheconsciousbeingthatisfeeling,thinking,orseeing.Thephenomenonisthatwhichis“sensed”–felt,thought,seen.Thecategoryofmentalprocessconsistsofthreeprincipalsubtypes(1)perception(seeing,hearing,etc),(2)affection(liking,fearing,etc),and(3)cognition(thinking,knowing,etc)e.g.Marylikedthegift.(Senser-Process-Phenomenon)ThegiftpleasedMary.(Phenomenon-Process-Senser)Process3.RelationalProcesses:ProcessesofBeingRelationalprocessescanbeclassifiedintotwotypes:theAttributiveandtheIdentifying.Theformerexpresseswhatattributesacertainobjecthas,orwhattypeitbelongsto.Thelatterexpressestheidenticalpropertiesoftwoentities.ThesetworelationscanbefurtherclassifiedintotheIntensive(χisa),Circumstantial(χisata),andPossessive(χhasa).Process3.RelationalProcesses:ProcessesofBeingAttributivemode(Carrier-Process-Attribute):(1)Maryiswise.(intensive)(2)ThemeetingisonaTuesday.(circumstantial)(3)Peterhasapiano.(possessive)Identifyingmode(Identified-Process-Identifier):(4)Tomistheleader.(intensive)(5)Tomorrowisthetenth.(circumstantial)(6)ThepianoisPeter’s.(possessive)Process3.RelationalProcesses:ProcessesofBeingModetypeattributiveidentifying(1)Intensive(2)Circumstantial(3)posessiveSaraiswise.ThefairisonaTuesday.Peterhasapiano.Tomistheleader;theleaderisTom.Tomorrowisthe10th;the10thistomorrow.ThepianoisPeter’s;Peter’sisthepiano.Process3.RelationalProcesses:ProcessesofBeingparticipantreversibleattributiveonlyone(carrier)YesidentifyingtwoNoTomistheleader.TheleaderisTom.Maryiswise.*WiseisMary.Process3.RelationalProcesses:ProcessesofBeingHallidaypointsoutthatinanyidentifyingclause,thereisaTokenandaValue.Thesearealwaysrelatedwiththeidentifierandtheidentified.Forexample:e.g.Johnisourmonitor.IdentifiedProcessIdentifiedTokenValuePro