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一、TheIndustrialRevolutionBackgroundorReasons•MainReasons:1.Politicalpremise:constitutionalmonarchy2.Thedevelopmentoftrade3.Theriseofbusiness4.ColonizingImportanttechnologicaldevelopments•thespinningjenny•Wattsteamengine•Cement•OtherstechnologicaldevelopmentsTextiles—ModelofthespinningjennyInventedbyJamesHargreavesSteampower—AWattsteamengine.Cement—TheThamesTunnel(opened1843).Cementwasusedintheworld'sfirstunderwatertunnel.OtherstechnologicaldevelopmentssteamlocomotiveTheIronBridge,England,theworld'sfirstbridgeconstructedofironopenedin1781.Socialeffects----positiveaspects1.Standardsofliving2.Populationincrease3.UrbanizationSocialeffects----negativeimpact•Impactonenvironment------coalconsumption＆airpollution------industrialchemicaldischarge＆untreatedhumanwaste