大豆简介(英文课件)

SoybeansPresentedby:SamanthaPrivratskyFood,CultureandAgricultureSpring2010Soybeans:Today’sTopics•ThePlant-Origin-ChemicalComposition-Morphology-Maturity-GrowthTypes•History-MovementfromOrigin-U.S.andWorldProduction-GMOsoybeans-Processing•Cultivation/PestControl-Growingseason-Nitrogenfixture-MainPestsandpesticides•SoyProducts-Cattlefeed,oils,plastics,paints,inks,pesticides•HealthBenefits-Lowerscholesterol-Completeprotein-Reducebreastcancer•HealthRisks-Allergies-Toxicpesticides/chemicals-Rawsoybeanstoxicity-Reducespermcount-IncreaseriskcancerThePlant:Keypoints•Scientificname:Glycinemax•Memberofthelegumefamily•40%protein,20%fat,35%carbohydrates•OriginatedfromChinaThePlant:OriginFamilyFacts•Soybean[Glycinemax(L.)Merrill]•Wildrelative:Glycinesoja–MostlikelytheancestorofGlycinemax•OtherrelativesinChina,Korea,Russia,Japan,Taiwan,andAustralia•MemberoftheLegumeFamily–Alfalfa–Peas–DrybeansThePlant:OriginSoybeanhashadmanynames:SoyaBeanSojaBeanChinesePeaManchurianbeanJapanpeaJapanbeanJapanfodderplantThePlant:ChemicalComposition•40%protein;20%fat;35%carbohydrates;5%ash•Completeprotein:containallessentialaminoacids•1cupofgreen,rawsoybeansincludes:376calories;19gfat;38mgsodium(2%DV);11gfiber;33gprotein;50%DVCalcium;50%DVIronCopyright©2010SchoolNutritionFoundation.AllRightsReserved.–CorrectedAminoAcidScore(PDCAAS)isascoringsystemcreatedtoanalyzethequalityofaprotein.ProteinQualityScale:AminoAcidContentThePlant:Origins8070605040302010EQUATOR20304050607080304050607080201010304050607080807060504030201030TROPICOFCANCER40506070808070605040302010EQUATORTROPICOFCANCERTROPICOFCAPRICORNTROPOFCAPRICORN102030304040505060607070808080706050403020103040506070808070605040302010AUSTRALIAASIAAFRICAEUROPEGREENLANDGREENLANDNORTHAMERICAANTARCTICASOUTHAMERICAPACIFICOCEANOCEANINDIANOCEANPACIFICOCEANATLANTICThePlant:OriginsCHINAJAPANKOREARUSSIAMONGOLIAManchuriaTobemorespecific,soybeanscamefromManchuria,aregionofChina.ThePlant:OriginMedicinalvaluesin450A.D.•Heart•Liver•Kidneys•Stomach•Bowels•Lungs•Yellow&GreenSeed–Increasedlungpower–Improvedcomplexion•BlackSeed–Usedinfoods–FedtohorsesbeforealongjourneySoybeanswerebelievedtobegoodfortheorganslisted.Differentseedcolorswereclaimedtohavedifferentbenefitstohumanhealth.ThePlant:PhysicalCharacteristicsAnnualUprightarchitectureHeightvariesfrom7.9in.–6.6ft.TrifoliateleavesFlowersfromauxiliarybudsSeedsinpods(2to3seeds/pod)ThePlant:Maturity:KeyPoints•Soybeansarephotosensitive(i.e.requiresacertaindaylengthforflowerinitiation)•Currentcultivarsaredividedinto13maturitygroups(MGIIIandMGIVaregrowninOhio)•Temperature,physiologicalage,anddaylengthinteracttoaffectsoybeans.ThePlantMaturity:Photosensitivity•Soybeansarephotosensitive–Begintoproduceflowerswhenacriticaldarkperiodisreached(daylength)•Daylengthvarieswithlatitude•SoybeansweredividedintotypesorgroupsaccordingtotheirphotosensitivityMaturity:MaturityGroups•1818:W.J.Morsewasfirsttodividesoybeansintophotosensitivegroups(3groups)–Late,mediumandmediumlate,andveryearly•1925:Morseexpandedhisgroupingto5•1949:Morseexpandedhisgroupingto9–MG0toMGVIII•Soybeansarenowdividedinto13groups–MG000toMGXMaturityGroupsMGAreasGrownEARLY00NorthernMinnesota,CanadaMATURING0NorthernMichiganICentralMichiganIISouthernMichiganIIICentralOhioIVSouthernOhio,NorthernKentuckyVSouthernKentucky,NorthernTennesseeVISouthernTennessee,NorthernGeorgiaLATEVIICentralGeorgiaMATURINGVIIISouthernGeorgia,FloridaThePlant:FactorsAffectingMaturity-interactions•Soybeansareaffectedby–Temperature–Physiologicalage–DaylengthThePlantGrowthTypes:KeyPoints•Indeterminate•DeterminateGrowthTypes•Indeterminate–flowersandsetpodswhilecontinuingtogrowvegetatively•Determinate–addsmuchlessvegetativemassafterfloweringbeginsGrowthTypes•Indeterminate–Typicallygrownnorthofthe37thnorthparallel(aboutLexington,KY)–MG00throughIVareinthisarea•Determinate–Typicallygrownsouthofthe37thparallel–Thesetypesrequiremorelightforflowering–OriginallyinsouthbecauseoftheirabilitytoproduceadequateforageThePlant:Summary•Annual,upright,trifoliateleaves,seedsinpods•MaturityGroupsbasedonphotosensitivity–13groupscurrently•Twogrowthtypes:–Indeterminate–DeterminateSoybeans:Today’sTopics•ThePlant-Origin-ChemicalComposition-Morphology-Maturity-GrowthTypes•History-MovementfromOrigin-U.S.andWorldProduction-GMOsoybeans-Processing•Cultivation/PestControl-Growingseason-Nitrogenfixture-MainPestsandpesticides•SoyProducts-Cattlefeed,oils,plastics,paints,inks,pesticides•HealthBenefits-Lowerscholesterol-Completeprotein-Reducebreastcancer•HealthRisks-Allergies-Toxicpesticides/chemicals-Rawsoybeanstoxicity-Reducespermcount-Increaseriskcancer•SoybeanFutureHistorySoybeanMovementfromOrigin:KeyPoints•UsedinChinabeforerecordedhistory•BroughttoU.S.beforeU.S.acountry•Moreknowledgeaboutsoybeanagronomicsandprocessingincreasedtheirproduction•keyeventshelpeddevelopthesoybeanindustry–war,technology,weather,governmentprogramSoybeanHistory:MovementfromOrigin1BeforeRecordedHistoryAlotoftimepasses17121740Exportedfro