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IV.Explainthefollowingtermsfromtheaspectsofsocialbackground,maincharacteristics,representatives,influences,etc.1.Alliterativeverse:2.Popularballads:3.Metaphysicalpoetry:Metaphysicalpoetryisakindofrealistic,oftenironicandwitty,versecombiningintellectualingenuityandpsychologicalinsightwrittenpartlyinreactiontotheconventionsofElizabethanlovepoetrybysuchseventeenth-centurypoetsasJohnDonne,GeorgeHerbert,RichardCrashaw,ThomasTraherne,andAndrewMarvell.Oneofitshallmarksisthemetaphysicalconceit,aparticularlyarrestingandingenioustypeofmetaphor.4.Enlightenment:EnlightenmentisanintellectualmovementinEuropein18thcentury.Itwasanexpressionofthestruggleofthebourgeoisieagainstfeudalism.Theenlightenersfoughtagainstclassinequality,stagnation,prejudicesandotherfeudalsurvivals.Itwassocalledbecauseitconsideredthechiefmeansforthebettermentofthesocietywasthe“enlightenment”or“education”ofthepeople.5.Sentimentalism:6.Neo-classicism:ItwasinitiatedbyDryden,culminatedinPopeandcontinuedbyJohnson.Neo-classicistsmodeledthemselvesonclassical,ancientGreekandLatinauthors.Theywantedtoachieveperfectforminliterature.Theygeneraltendedtolookatsocialandpoliticallifecritically.Theyemphasizeonintellectratherthanimagination.Theyobservedfixedlawsandrulesinliterarycreation.Poetspreferredheroiccouplet.Indrama,theyadheredtothreeunities,time,placeandaction.Theyemphasizedonthedidacticfunctionofliterature.7.(Critical)Realism:Realismisamodeofwritingthatgivestheimpressionofrecordingor“reflecting”faithfullyanactualwayoflife.Thetermrefers,sometimesconfusingly,bothtoaliterarymethodbasedondetailedaccuracyofdescription(i.e.verisimilitude)andtoamoregeneralattitudethatrejectsidealization,escapism,andotherextravagantqualitiesofromanceinfavorofrecognizingsoberlytheactualproblemsoflife.8.Gothicnovel:9.Lakepoets:refertothefirstgenerationofromanticismincludingWordsworthColeridgeandSouthey.Theyoncelivedaroundthelakedistrictsandtraversedthesimilarattitudetowardliterature,politicsandsociety,beginningasradicalsandendinginconservatives.10.Pre-romanticism:Inthelatterhalfofthe18thcentury,anewliterarymovementaroseinEurope,calledtheRomanticRevival.ItwasmarkedbyastrongprotestagainstthebondageofClassicism,byarecognitionoftheclaimsofpassionandemotion,andbyarenewedinterestinmedievalliterature.InEngland,thismovementshoweditselfinthetrendofPre-Romanticisminpoetry,whichwasusheredinbyPercy,MacphersonandChatterton,andrepresentedbyBlakeandBurns.11.Romanticismisamovementthatflourishedinliterature,philosophy,musicandartinWesterncultureduringmostofthenineteenthcentury,beginningasarevoltagainstclassicism.TherehavebeenmanyvarietiesofRomanticisminmanydifferenttimesandplaces.ManyoftheideasofEnglishromanticismwerefirstexpressedbythepoetsWilliamWordsworthandSamuelTaylorColeridge.TheQualitiesofRomanticism:1)thespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings.2)thecreationofaworldofimagination.3)thereturntonatureformaterial.4)sympathywiththejumbleandglorificationofthecommonplace.5)emphasisupontheexpressionofindividualgenius.6)thereturntoMiltonandtheElizabethansforliterarymodels.7)theinterestinoldstoriesandmedievalRomances.8)asenseofmelancholyandloneliness.9)therebelliousspirit.12.Dramaticmonologueisatypeofpoemwritingstyleinwhichacharacter,atsomespecificandcriticalmoment,addressesanidentifiablebutsilentaudience,therebyunintentionallyrevealinghisorheressentialtemperamentandpersonality.13.Aestheticism:ThebasictheoryoftheAestheticmovementis“artforart’ssake”.Aestheticismplacesartabovelife,andholdsthatlifeshouldimitateart,notartimitatelife.Accordingtotheaesthetes,allartisticcreationisabsolutelysubjectiveasopposedtoobjective.Artshouldbefreefromanyinfluenceofegoism.Onlywhenartisforart’ssake,canitbeimmortal.ThiswasoneofthereactionsagainstthematerialismandcommercialismoftheVictorianindustrialera,aswellasareactionagainsttheVictorianconventionofartformorality’ssake,orartformoney’ssake.TherepresentativesareOscarWildeandWalterPater.14.Streamofconsciousness: