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31(136)2345621.13a.AzXAzb.c.d.ABCDE42e-8e-10e-18e-2.1202281081818361854328626118AB77VIII89101812345678IIIIIIIVVVIVIIVIII3(4)AIAA031234567abABCDE41n2512HH2361:H+HH-;FeFe2+Fe3+Na+Na;ClCl-2He:H-Li+Be2+NeO2-F-Na+Mg2+Al3+Ar:S2-Cl-K+Ca2+7(1),(2):.NaClCl-Na+(3)GePO8123()1234561361(1)()(2)29(3)8(K2(4)18(K2)32M8M182KLMNOPQ11281KLMNOPQ281832502n2(n)(SPdF)KLMNO1s2s2p3s3p3d4s4p4d4f2262610261014281832501nsnpndnf2=3spdf135731s2s2p3s3p4s3d4p5s4d5p6s4f5d6p7s136H1s1Na1s22s22p63s1K1s22s22p63s23p64s1Ar4s124Cr[Ar]3d54s129Cu[Ar]3d104s1[]117Cl21Sc()35Br1s22s22p63s23p51s22s22p63s23p63d14s21s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p5213631364BeNNaNeMgLKM51EKENELEM2E3SE2SE4SE1S3E3SE3dE2PE4f6AM2BL71AB________________2AB_______()121363451(1)K2s22ABCDALKBKLMNCC2DC51AB2CD4(1)90%SPP3PxPyPzPs()21s2s3s()2s1s1s2s1s(2)[]nsnp3nd5nf7.2256789(2429?2[Ne]3S181426?1(1)N(2)Cl(3)O(4)Mg22p3d(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)3(1)AB2s2p2s2p(2)A3s1B3p1(3)A3d54s1B3d44s245??(3)123[]?p8p81ABCD2ABCD3ABCD42p()A.B.C.2D..(1)1234181118310181182(p15)71816160?5dssdp?sdds??[]1-16spddsf[]SS1~2-1d1~10ns1~2ds(n-1)d10ns1~2pns2np1~61=46Pd[Kr]4d10,4229Cu3d104s110+1=111IB(2)12345(1)(2)[]1I12I2I3I4I51BeBNOMgAlZnGa2NaMgAl(KJ/mol)49673857845621415181769127733274595431054011575133531363014830166101799518376201142170323293123(I1)(I2)I3I4I5I1I2I3I4I54Be2s2B2s22p1BeBBeMg1s22s22p63s2P:1s22s22p63s23p3NOMgAlZnGa5NaI1I2Na+1MgI1I2I2I3Mg2AlI1I2I3I3I4A1+31()I1I2I3I4I5I6I714.529.647.477.597.9551.9666.8A.IAB.AC.ADAEAFAGA2()I1I2I3I4I5I6I7I813.635.154.977.4113.9138.1739.1871.1(1)I1I8?___________________?______________________________________(2)I1?________________________________(3)I7I8__________________________(4)I6I7??_________________________________________________________(5)I1I6?______________________________________________(6)I4I5__________________________________________________(7)___________________________________________________________________________________________________________2IA??(1s1)+1lHeHHIAA312fsp3K4BSi5200C1molNa1mol650kJ650KJ/mol6Ge1.87O1mol1300KJ1300KJ/mol8K+Cl-9HClOH2SO4NaOHMg(OH)2102*12=22*22=82*52=50==411+l1+2I2KJmol1I1I2I3Na49645626912Mg73814517733123NaNa2+(3)123412(3)1p20[]1.IAVIIA2.11.81.81.82[5]3.4.123456789101112131415122688RaMarieCurieRaARaCl2CaCl2BRaAC22688Ra138DRa(OH)22AD3O+BLi+CODDOH34ABCD4()A.N:1s22s22p3B.S2-:1s22s22p63s23p6C.Na:1s22s22p53s2D.Si:1s22s22p63s23p25XCl2IIA:A.B.C.D.6A.1s22s22p63s23p21s22s22p63s23p1B.1s22s22p63s23p31s22s22p63s23p2C.1s22s22p63s23p41s22s22p63s23p3D.1s22s22p63s23p64s24p21s22s22p63s23p64s24p17ABCVAVBVCVB=2VCVA=VB+VCCA+1B+2C+3D+48ARRRRabRRRxyRA2ax+by+60Bax+by+60Cax+by/2+60Day+bx+609A.B.C.D.K3C6010XYXYXXY()A.XYB.XY2C.XY3D.X2Y311ABBAAB2()A.ABB.ABC.A2AD.A12()A.1s22s22p4B.1s22s22p63s23p3C.1s22s22p63s23p2C.1s22s22p63s23p64s213AsAAsCl38BNa3AsO4pH7CAsH3D74.924214ANaClBH2OCNaHCO3DAl2O315ABBB10C8D2241619945V1165OOO2O1O451___________231___________4___________5___________AB_______________________1___________17X13XAlBBeCClFLiX1.52.01.52.52.84.01.0MgNaOPSSiX1.20.93.52.12.51.7(1)X1.71.7AlBr3______(2)X______________________________()X_____________________________________________(3)BrIX________(4)SN________()18188ZAXXCl21.11g1mol/L20mL(1)X(2)X2037gXCl2?1910(12H2O)18.5g33.6L()?123456789101112131415CDBCDBAACAACAABBCAD16(1)2C3545141417(1)(2)X(X)X(3)BrI(4)N18(1)40(2)18mol193122123[]NaClHCl[]HClHClH2[][]1abS-SS-PP-P[]PP[]2[]a.3S-SS-PP-PP-P[][][]1ABCD2ABS-SS-PCD3AI2BBaCl2CH2SO4DNaOH4AKNO3BBeClCKO2DH2O25H2N2HClH2OHClNaBrMgF2Na2SCO2[]1D2molkmolpmpmmrlllkmolmolmol71N2g+3H2g====2NH3gH=22H2g+O2g===2H2OgH=molmolkk7-90.8KJ/mol-481.9KJ/mol123VSEPR41P37-402CO2H2ONH3CH2OCH43CO2H2ONH3CH2O[]1CO2H2ONH3CH2OCH42HCNO3CO2H2ONH3CH2OCH4[]CO2H2ONH3CH2OCH4[]VSEPRmodels[]CO2CH2OCH4CABnn=2CO2n=3CH2On=4CH4H2ONH3H2OVNH3P40[]VSEPRH2S22VNH2-22VBF303CHCl304SiF4041ACO2BH2SCPCl3DSiCl42AH2OBCO2CC2H2DP4312344ANH3BCCl4CH2ODCH2O58ACO2BPCl3CCCl4DNO26AXeO4BBeCl2CCH4DPCl37BF3NF3BF3NF3BF3NF38BeCl2SCl2SO32-SF61D2BC31CO2CS2HCN1802BF3BCl3SO3CH2O603NH3PCl3107.34CH4CCl4109284CD5D6D7BNBF3B3FNF3N3FN8V212345[][]CH10928[]2s22p22s2pPauling1[]2s2px2py2pzsp3sp3spspsp3sp2spsp2spspsp[]CH4C2H4BF3CH2OC2H2[]CH4C2H4BF3CH2OC2H2[][][]SP180SP2120SP310928[]42[]HCNCspCH2OCsp2HCN22CH2O311sp2APBr3BCH4CBF3DH2O2Asp3BCH4sp34H1sC2pCsp3spDAB3Asp33PaulingACBCsp3CC44sp3DC1sp34sp3sp2spAspBsp2Csp3Dsp3sp2sp54CH1C=C6AC2s2pspBC12s22p3sp2CC2s32p4sp3DC33112p6ClO-ClO2-ClO3-ClO4-Clsp3OClO-ClO2-ClO3-ClO4-7CO2CO32-H2SPH38H2O9010928104.51~5CCDABD6V7spsp2sp3Vsp38H2O2pH90Osp3,22H1s210928104.54534[]112AB3[]H3O+NH4+[][][][][][Cu(NH3)4]Cl2K3[Fe(SCN)6]Na3[AlF6][][]1ABCD2ANH4ClBNa2CO3.10H2OCCuSO4.5H2ODCoNH36Cl33H2ONH3FCNCOABCD4AMg2+BFe2+O2C[AgNH32]+DCu2+5H3O+NH4+CH3COO-NH3CH4ABCD6NO2-[CoNH35NO2]Cl2123123H2Cl2N2HClCO2H2O1231H2N2C60P42CO2BF3CCl4HClNH3H2O3H2N2O2COHFHClCO2BF3CH4H2ONH3CH3ClaHClHFHBrbO2H2P4C60cd1ABCD2AH2OBCO2CBCl3DNH338ABeCl2BPCl3CPCl5DN24ABCD5O2HFCO2H2OBF3NH3CCl4612378B4F4B4F41D2AD3B4AD5O2HFCO2H2OVBF3NH3CCl461NH3PH32NaOHNH4Cl3CCl4CS27867845[][][]2-4[][][][][][][]X-HY2-34X-HY2-33[][]1ACO2SiO2BNaClHClC(NH4)2CO3CO(NH2)2DNaHKCl2ABCNH3CH4NH3CH4D3ABCD4AN2BHBr