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Lecture1Microorganisms&MicrobiologySchoolofLifeScienceandTechnologyShanghaiJiaoTongUniversity代谢2.Growth生长3.Differentiation分化4.Communication交流5.Movement运动6.Evolution进化heredityandmutation-informationflowShanghaiJiaoTongUniversityShanghaiJiaoTongUniversityShanghaiJiaoTongUniversityShanghaiJiaoTongUniversityShanghaiJiaoTongUniversityShanghaiJiaoTongUniversityflagellumShanghaiJiaoTongUniversityShanghaiJiaoTongUniversity1.2.2CellsaschemicalmachinesandascodingdevicesCellsareself-replicatingentities可自我复制的主体,theycanbeviewedintwoways:Aschemicalmachines作为化学机器的细胞•carryingoutchemicaltransformationsofnon-livingmaterialstolivingmaterialstoprovideenergyandprecursorsforcellreproductionAscodingdevices作为编码装置的细胞•servingasstorehousesandprocessorsofgeneticinformation(DNA)togivethecellinstructionstomakenewcopiesofitselfShanghaiJiaoTongUniversityShanghaiJiaoTongUniversityCellsarebothmachinesandcodingdevicesThelinkbetweenthesetwocellularattributesisgrowth.Machineandcodingfunctionsworktogethertoreproducecells.生长将这两项功能合二为一,共同繁殖新细胞Coordinationandregulationarehighlyneededbetweenthesetwofunctions.需要协调（与调节）ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversityShanghaiJiaoTongUniversityThemachineandcodingfunctionsofthecellShanghaiJiaoTongUniversityShanghaiJiaoTongUniversity1.3MicroorganismsAlargeanddiversegroupofmicroscopicorganismsthatexistassinglecellsorcellclusters,italsoincludenon-cellularlifeformssuchasvirusesandprions.微生物：微小的细胞或非细胞生物ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversityShanghaiJiaoTongUniversityComparedwithplantandanimalcells,microorganismsare:•Verysmall-bacteria0.5-5μm,微小•Highlydiverse-allkindsofmorphology，形态多样•leadinganindependentliving独立生活BACKComparedwithanimalcells,bacteriaareverysmallandvirusesareincrediblytiny.DiversemorphologyofmicroorganismsBACKAsingleplantoranimalcellcannothaveanindependentexistence.Free-livingcells:Asinglemicrobialcellcanhaveanindependentexistence.BACKShanghaiJiaoTongUniversityShanghaiJiaoTongUniversity1.4TheImpactofMicroorganismsonHumans微生物对人类的影响Diseaseagents病原物•Human,animal,plantsAgriculture农业•Nitrogenfixation-rootnodule根瘤•Animaldigestion-rumen瘤胃Foodindustry食品工业•Spoilage•FermentedfoodEnergy能源•Biomass•BiofuelsEnvironment环境•Bioremediation生物修复ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversityShanghaiJiaoTongUniversityPathogens-harmfulmicroorganismsTime:1350A.D.Place:theEuropeancontinent.“Inlessthantwoyears'time,theBubonicPlaguewipedouthalfthepopulationofEurope.Fleasbitratsandthenbitman,butnooneknewit.Anestimated25millionpeoplediedin14months.Someindividualcitieshadamortalityashighas90%.Bodieswerepiledintocartsanddraggedawaytobeburnedincommongraves.Itwasamostgrotesquewaytodie:bleedingandscreamingandhavingone'sorgansliterallyliquefy.Frominfectiontodeathtookperhapsoneweek.”1350年黑死病流行于欧洲，2500万人在14个月内死亡。BubonicPlague黑死病,淋巴腺鼠疫ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversityShanghaiJiaoTongUniversityTheleadingcausesofdeathinthe1900wasinfluenzae,pneumonia,tuberculosis,andgastroenteritis流感、肺炎、肺结核、肠胃炎在1900年是主要的致死原因ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversityShanghaiJiaoTongUniversityInthe1990’s,infectiousdiseasesonlyranked5thasamajorcauseofdeath.上世纪90年代,感染性疾病重要性降低,在致死因素中排第五位.ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversityShanghaiJiaoTongUniversityII.PathwaysofDiscoveryinMicrobiologyTechnologicaldevelopmentshavebeencloselyrelatedwithbirthandgrowthofmicrobiology.技术发展对微生物学发展的重大意义•Microscopy•Culturetechnique•DNAmanipulationtechnologyShanghaiJiaoTongUniversityShanghaiJiaoTongUniversity1.5HistoricalRootsofMicrobiology:Microscopy显微技术FruitingbodiesobservedfirstwithmicroscopebyRobertHookin1664Discoveryofmicroorganisms(weeanimalcules)byAntonivanLeeuwenhoekinrain-,sea-andsnow-water(1677)虎克与吕文虎克ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversityShanghaiJiaoTongUniversityBACKRobertHooke‘smicroscopewasverycrudewhencomparedwiththeopticalinstrumentsinusetoday.罗伯特.虎克的显微镜ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversityShanghaiJiaoTongUniversityThefirstpersontoseemicroorganismsinanydetailwastheDutchamateurmicroscopebuilderAntonivanLeeuwenhoek,whousedsimplemicroscopesofhisownconstruction.安东尼.范.吕文虎克的简单显微镜ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversityShanghaiJiaoTongUniversityBACKLeeuwenhoek’sdrawingsofbacteria,publishedin1684.ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversityShanghaiJiaoTongUniversityAModernBright-FieldMicroscopeShanghaiJiaoTongUniversityShanghaiJiaoTongUniversity1.6Pasteur,KochandPureCulturesBirthofMicrobiologyinthemidandlate1800s•Doesspontaneousgenerationoccur?自然发生说•Whatisthenatureofcontagiousdisease?传染病的本质ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversityShanghaiJiaoTongUniversityDownfallofSpontaneousgenerationFrenchchemistLouisPasteur(1822-1895),defeatedthetheoryofspontaneousgeneration巴斯德Theoryofspontaneousgeneration•AncientEgypt-frogfrommud•Foodspoilage-microbescouldbedirectlytransformedf