国际贸易外文文献翻译-《绿色贸易壁垒对中国对外贸易的影响》毕业论文-中英对照

JournalofEconomicSurveys,2006,11:24-25.GreenBarriersTradeanditsInfluencesonChina'sForeignTradeThomasJ.SargentABSTRACTInrecentyears,greenconsumptionhasbecomeamaintrendoftheconsumptioninmanydevelopedcountriesandthesecountriesbegantomakestrictstandardstorestricttheentryofforeignproductsbelowtheirstandardsofenvironmentalprotection.Keywords：GreenBarriers;products;TradeInrecentyears,greenconsumptionhasbecomeamaintrendoftheconsumptioninmanydevelopedcountriesandthesecountriesbegantomakestrictstandardstorestricttheentryofforeignproductsbelowtheirstandardsofenvironmentalprotection.TheseregulationshavemanyunfavorableinfluencesontheexportofdevelopingcountriesandaregenerallyknownasGreenBarrierstotrade.InaccordancewiththeprovisionsoftheAgreementonGreenBarrierstoTradeofWTO,GreenBarrierstoTradeisdefinedasthecompulsoryandarbitraryGreenregulations,standardsandconformityassessmentproceduresoftheimportingcountriesinthenameoftheprotectionofhumanhealthandenvironmentthatactuallyformbarrierstotradewithanaimtoprotectitshomemarketanddomesticproducts.1.AnalysisonthecausesofformationofGreenTradeBarriersFirstly,theworseningofecologyisthemajorreasonforGreenBarriers.Withthedevelopmentofindustryandtechnology,theeconomyincreasesveryfastandthehumanlifehasbeenimproved.Butatthesametime,thedevelopmentofeconomyisatacostofthedestructionofenvironment.Theenvironmentalproblemshavearousedpublicattentionandtheinternationalsocietyhasbeguntomakelawstoprotectenvironment.InJune,1972,theUnitedNationspublishedtheStockholmDeclarationandstressedtheimportanceoftheprotectionofenvironment.Fromthenon,moreandmorepeopleconcernabouttheenvironmentalproblems.Theconceptofenvironmenthasinfluencedthelifeofhumankindsineverylayerandthedevelopedcountriesbegantomakeverystrict济南大学毕业论文外文资料翻译-1-environmentalprotectionrulesunderthepressureofpublic,whichformsabarriertotheinternationaltrade.Secondly,thedifferencesbetweencountriesintechnology,environmentalstandardsandinvestmentdirectlycausetheGreenTradeBarriers.Asweknow,developedcountriessurpassthedevelopingcountriesinscienceandtechnology.Eveniftheymakeverystrictenvironmentalstandards,theirdomesticproductscanreachtherequirementsofstrictenvironmentalstandardswhilesuchstandardsmayconstitutebarrierstoproductsfromdevelopingcountries.Infact,thesestandardsmaybecomediscriminationsagainstproductsfromthedevelopingcountriesandconstituteameansofarbitraryorunjustifiablediscriminationbetweencountry.Thirdly,theriseofprotectionisminsomedevelopedcountriescontributesmuchtotheformationofGreenbarriers.Inmodernmarketeconomy,competitionismoreseverethanbefore.Thedomesticindustriesaredirectlyfacingcompetitionfromtheproductsofothercountries,andtheywillurgetheirgovernmentstotakeeffectivemeasurestoprotectthemfromtheforeignproducts.WhilebecauseofthemultilateralnegotiationsofWTO,thetariffshavebeengreatlycutdownandtheuseofnon-tariffmeasureshasalsobeenrestricted.Therefore,manydevelopedcountrieshavetoresorttosomelegalrestrictionsofimportationsuchasGreenbarrierstoprotecttheirhomeindustries,whichgivesrisetotheincreaseofGreenbarriers.2.ThemainformsofGreenbarrierstradeInaccordancewiththerelatedprovisionsofWTOAgreementonGreenBarrierstoTrade,theGreenbarriersareusuallyintheformsasfollows:2.1GreenTariffSomedevelopedcountrieswouldimposeimportsurtaxonproductsthatmaycausepollutionorharmstotheenvironment.Ifsuchmeasureisabused,itwillconstituteaGreenbarriertotrade.2.2GreenStandardsGreenstandardsrefertothosecompulsoryGreenstandardsprovidedthroughlegislation.Withtheirsuperiorityineconomyandtechnology,developedcountriestendtomakehigherGreenstandardswithnoconsiderationontheinterestsofthedevelopingcountries.SuchhighGreenstandardswillinfactconstituteabarriertotheproductsfrom济南大学毕业论文外文资料翻译-2-developingcountrieswhichareinferiorintechnology.2.3PackageRequirementsCertaindevelopedcountriesstresstoomuchontheprotectionofenvironmentandrequiretheproductsshouldbepackedwithmaterialsthatwillhavenoharmtotheenvironment.Iftheproductsarenotpackedinthisway,theywillnotbeallowedtosellinthedevelopedcountries.Ifsuchrequirementsareunnecessarilystrict,theywillbeabarriertotheinternationaltrade.2.4SanitaryandquarantineinspectionsystemOntheexcuseoftheprotectionofthehealthofhuman,animalsandplants,developedcountriestendtouseverystrictsanitaryandquarantineinspectiontorestricttheimportationoftheproductsfromthedevelopingcountriesandprotecttheirdomesticindustries.3.InfluencesofGreenbarriersonChina'sforeigntradeChinahassufferedgreatlossduetotheGreenbarriers.In2002,vegetablesfromTaizhouwerepreventedfromenteringJapanbecauseofJapanesestrictinspectionandthepricewasgreatlycutdown.Alsoin2002,theaquaticproductsfromNingbowererestrictedbyEuropeanUnion(EU)becausetheycouldnotreachthesanitarystandardsofEU.DuetoGreentradebarriers,60kindsofChineseagriculturalchemistswerebannedbyEUbecausetheycouldnotreachtheGreenstandardsofEU.InaccordancewiththestatisticsofUnitedNations,Chinahassufferedalossof$7.4billionin2002duetoGreenbarrierstrade.China'sexporttoEU,Japan,Koreaandothercountriesdecreasesnotably.Generallyspeaking,agriculturalpro