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基础自主梳理│考点分层突破│单元能力提升Unit1Friendship专题2正反解读名词正面解读│反面解读│实战演练1.[2018·全国卷Ⅰ]…amerefiveto10minutesadayofrunningreducedtheriskofheartdiseaseandearlydeathsfromall_____________(cause).正面解读【答案】causes高考链接【解析】考查名词复数。一项研究表明,每天仅仅5~10分钟的跑步,就能减少各种原因导致的心脏病和早亡。表示“各种原因”,故用名词复数causes。正面解读2.[2018·全国卷Ⅱ]Thisswitchhasdecreased_______(pollute)inthecountry'smajorlakesandreservoirsandmadedrinkingwatersaferforpeople.【答案】pollution【解析】考查名词。根据前面的“Thisswitchhasdecreased…”可知后面缺少宾语,故用名词pollution作宾语。正面解读3.[2018·全国卷Ⅲ]I'ma____________(science)whostudiesanimalssuchasapesandmonkeys.【答案】scientist【解析】考查名词。根据句中的I和who可知,此处指的是人,故填scientist。正面解读4.[2017·全国卷Ⅲ]Shehasturneddownseveral____________(invitation)tostaratshowsinordertoconcentrateonherstudies.【答案】invitations【解析】根据句意“她拒绝了几个邀请”可知,此处需要填名词,而且invitation是可数名词,前面有several修饰,故用复数形式。正面解读5.[2016·全国卷Ⅰ]Chengduhasdozensofnewmillionaires,Asia'sbiggestbuilding,andfancynewhotels.Butfortouristslikeme,pandasareitstop___________(attract).【答案】attraction【解析】空格前有形容词,因此要用其名词形式。考点一名词的数规则1单数名词变为复数名词的基本规则①以-o结尾的名词变为复数时,常在词尾加-s,但下列名词要加-es:Negroes,heroes,echoes,potatoes,tomatoes(趣味记忆:黑人英雄在回声中吃土豆、西红柿)。但下列以-o结尾的名词既可以加-es,也可以加-s:zeros(zeroes)零,mosquitos(mosquitoes)蚊子,volcanos(volcanoes)火山。正面解读考点归纳考点归纳②以-f或-fe结尾的名词变为复数时,一般直接加-s,但下列以-f或-fe结尾的名词需要把f或fe去掉,加-ves:selves,lives,thieves,wives,knives,leaves,shelves,wolves,halves。(趣味记忆:为了自己活命,小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和树叶站在架子上,把狼劈成两半)。但下列以-f结尾的名词既可以去掉f加-ves,也可以直接加-s,它们是:handkerchiefs(handkerchieves)手帕,scarfs(scarves)围巾。③合成名词变成复数时,通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数,如果没有主体名词,则将最后一部分变为复数。sons-in-law女婿;passers-by过路人;story-tellers讲故事的人。正面解读规则2有些物质名词或抽象名词在表示具体或特定事物时,可具体化为可数名词,其前面需要有不定冠词。常见的这类词有:apleasure/pity/surprise/success/failure/shame,anhonour/abrightfuture/astrongcharacter/agreathelp/awasteoftime。TheWorldAthleticsChampionshipsheldinBeijingarerecognizedasagreatsuccess.人们公认在北京举行的世界田径锦标赛是一项非常成功的赛事。规则3有些名词的单、复数形式表达不同的意思。chicken鸡肉/chickens小鸡;fish鱼,鱼肉/fishes各种鱼;paper纸/papers试卷,报纸,文件;water水/waters水域;room空间/rooms房间;time时间/times次数,倍数,时代;arm手臂/arms武器……正面解读规则4有些名词形式上虽是单数,但表示的是复数含义。people,police,cattle,staff,public,“the+adj.”或“the+分词”(表示一类人或物)。考点二名词所有格规则1表示有生命名词的所有格时,在词尾加“'s”。theboy'sbag,men'srooms。此外,表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家、城市等无生命名词的所有格也可在词尾加“'s”来表示所属关系,意为“……的”。atwentyminutes'walk,atenmiles'journey,twopounds'weight,tendollars'worth。规则2若名词已有复数词尾s,只加“'”。theworkers'struggle。正面解读规则3of属格:无生命名词的所有格用of结构。amapofChina,theendofthisterm,thecapitalofourcountry,thecolouroftheflowers。规则4如果两个名词并列,且分别加“'s”,则表示“分别有……”;若只有后一个名词加“'s”,则表示两个“共有”。John'sandMary'srooms(两间);JohnandMary'sroom(一间)。规则5省略格:在表示店铺、教堂、诊所的名称或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常省略它所修饰的名词。atthedoctor's在诊所;atmysister's在我姐姐(妹妹)的家。规则6双重所有格:of+名词“'s”结构。afriendofmyfather's,worksofLuXun's。正面解读误区之一名词“数”的误用(1)【误】Duringthepastfewdays,manyvisitorjustlikemehavecomeheretoexperiencethedistinctivescenery.【正】Duringthepastfewdays,manyvisitorsjustlikemehavecomeheretoexperiencethedistinctivescenery.[分析]visitor是可数名词,被many修饰,故用复数形式。句意:在过去的几天当中,许多和我一样的游客来到这里,体验这里与众不同的风景。反面解读(2)【误】Thebeautyofthevillageconsistsinitscleanairsandpeacefulenvironment.【正】Thebeautyofthevillageconsistsinitscleanairandpeacefulenvironment.[分析]air是不可数名词,没有复数形式,故airs改为air。反面解读误区之二物质、抽象名词“具体化”的误用【误】Shewentintomyroomandgotbigsurprisewhenshesawallthosebooksonthefloor.【正】Shewentintomyroomandgotabigsurprisewhenshesawallthosebooksonthefloor.[分析]surprise本来是不可数名词,此句中转化为可数名词,意为“一件令人惊讶的事”,故在big前加a。句意:她走进我的房间,当她看到地板上的那些书时,大吃一惊。反面解读误区之三名词“格”的误用【误】Agirlcomesin.She'sgotasmall,brown,leatherwalletinherhand.Shethinksit'sPeter.【正】Agirlcomesin.She'sgotasmall,brown,leatherwalletinherhand.Shethinksit'sPeter's.[分析]it指代wallet,与Peter不能构成同一关系,根据句意可知,此处应是“彼得的钱包”,故Peter应改为所有格形式Peter's。反面解读误区之四名词作定语的误用【误】Thereisfiercecompetitionamongthethreeshoesshopsinthestreet.【正】Thereisfiercecompetitionamongthethreeshoeshopsinthestreet.[分析]此处指商店的性质,用名词的单数形式作定语。反面解读实战演练Ⅰ.单句填空1.Whenyouarefacedwithchallenges,youshouldbelievethat____________(confident)iswhatmakesadifference.【答案】confidence【解析】句意:当面对挑战时,你应该相信信心是发挥作用的因素。所填词在that引导的宾语从句中作主语,故应该用名词confidence,意为“信心”。实战演练2.Atthepressconference,agovernmentspokesmanexpressedhisgreatconcernforthe____________(safe)ofthethreetrappedworkers.【答案】safety【解析】句意:在记者招待会上,一个政府发言人表达了他对三名被困工人安全的深切关心。定冠词the后应用名词,故填safety。实战演练3.I'msureitisofgreatusetokeepadiaryinEnglishforthe____________(improve)ofwritingabilities.【答案】improvement【解析】句意:我确信用英语写日记对于提高写作能力很有帮助。根据句意及设空前的the可知填名词。实战演练4.In1971,afternearlytwohundred___________(failure),Tu'steamfoundanextractthatwas100%effectiveagainstthemalariaparasites—artemisinin.【答案】failures【解析】句意:在1971年,在经历了将近两百次失败后,屠的团队发现了一种提取物——青蒿素,它对抗疟疾100%有效。实战演练5.Hedidn'tputthethingswheretheybelonged,forwhichreasonhegothis_____________(punish).【答案】punishment【解析】句意:他没有把东西放回原处,为此他受到了惩罚。his是形容词性物主代词,后面应接名词,punish-ment意为“惩罚”,为不可数名词。实战演练6.Theuniversityisveryfamous,sotherewerealotof____________(applicant)fortheposition.【答案】applicants【解析】句意:这所大学很有名气,因此有很多申请者来应聘这个岗位。applicant意为“申请者”,为可数名词,其前有alotof修饰,因此应用复数形式。实战演练7.Hisfriendadvisedhimtowritedowntheuseful_________________(express)inhisnotebooksothathecouldusethemwhennecessary.【答案】expressions【解析】根据语境可知,所填词在句中作