大学英语跨文化交际chapter8-Cultural-influences

大学英语跨文化交际Chapter8CulturalinfluencesonContextsQuestionsforChapter7ExplainEdwardT.Hall’sContext-CultureTheory,illustratewithexampleswhennecessary.ExplainKluckhohnandStrodtbeck’sValueOrientationTheory,illustratewithexampleswhennecessary.ExplainHofstede’sDimensionsofCulturalVariabilityTheory,illustratewithexampleswhennecessary.CulturalInfluencesonContextsBusinessEtiquetteNormsCulture'sInfluenceRoleBehaviorsofStudentsandTeachersCulture'sInfluenceFamilyandGenderRolesTheBusinessContextTheEducationalContextTheHealthCareContextCommunicationandContextClassroomParticipationConversationalStructuresandLanguageManagementTurnTakingCulture'sInfluenceCommunicationisinfluencedbyexternalenvironment:allhumaninteractionisinfluencedtosomedegreebythesocial,physical,andculturalsettingsinwhichitoccurs.Thisisknownasthecommunicationcontext.Threebasicassumptionsabouthumancommunication:Communicationisrulegoverned.Contextsspecifytheappropriaterules.Rulesareculturallydiversed.TEXTACommunicationandContextChapter8CulturalInfluencesonContextCommunicationisrulegovernedPeopleexpectculturallydeterminedpatternsofbehaviororrulestogoverntheirinteractionsTherulesdifferdependingonthecontext.Chapter8CulturalInfluencesonContextContextsspecifytheappropriaterulesContextsasaclassroom,bank,church,hospital,courtroom,wedding,orfuneraldeterminewhichcommunicationrulesapplyChapter8CulturalInfluencesonContextbankChapter8CulturalInfluencesonContextfuneralRulesareculturallydiversed.Althoughcultureshavemanyofthesamesocialsettingsorcontexts,theymayemploydifferentrules.Consequently,conceptsofdress,time,language,manners,nonverbalbehavior,andcontrolofthecommunicationflowcandiffersignificantlyamongcultures.Chapter8CulturalInfluencesonContextTEXTBTheBusinessContextCulture’sInfluenceontheBusinessContextManagementBusinessEtiquetteNormsChapter8CulturalInfluencesonContextCulture’sInfluenceontheBusinessContextBusinessnegotiationisintertwinedwithculturalexchange.Thisisduetoglobalization,whichisaresultofgrowthinU.S.andforeignmultinationalindustriessincethe1960s.Chapter8CulturalInfluencesonContextManagement“Management”canbevieweddifferentlyfromculturetoculture.1.ManagementInChina2.ManagementintheUnitedStates3.ManagementinGermany4.ManagementinJapan5.ManagementinFrance6.ManagementinMexicoandLatinAmericaChapter8CulturalInfluencesonContext1.ManagementInChinaChinesebusinessvaluesemphasizekinship,interpersonalconnections,respectforelders,andhierarchy.Chapter8CulturalInfluenceonContexts2.ManagementintheUnitedStatesIntheUnitedStates,themanagerisaculturalhero.DominantmanagerialvaluesintheUnitedStatesinclude“achievementandsuccess,beliefinhardwork,pragmatism,optimism,Puritanism,rationality,impersonalityininterpersonalworkrelationships,equalityofopportunity,acceptanceofcompetition,andindividualism.”Chapter8CulturalInfluenceonContexts3.ManagementinGermanyInGermany,themanagerisnotaculturalhero.Infact,Germansdonothaveaverystrongconceptofmanagement.(权利分散)Chapter8CulturalInfluenceonContexts4.ManagementinJapanTheJapanesedonotshareastrongsenseofmanagement.Managers,sectionchiefsordepartmentheads,value“groupism,harmony,acceptanceofhierarchyinworkrelationships,senseofobligation,debtoflowerlevelpersonneltosuperiors,andconsensualdecisionmaking.”Chapter8CulturalInfluenceonContexts4.ManagementinJapan日本企业是在60、70年代经济高速发展时期迅速地发展壮大起来的，他们的发展壮大不仅有经济的原因，还有社会的原因，其中也有当时的国际形式带来的好机遇。欧美是十分突出各人作用的，以理性的思维考虑一切问题，往往是六亲不认。而日本人恰恰相反，他们突出的是群体的作用，以“和“为“贵”，这种思想来源于中国的儒家学说。在日本，企业经营就是以此作为其理论的依据。Chapter8CulturalInfluenceonContexts5.ManagementinFranceInFrance,managersactinverysuperiorroles.Chapter8CulturalInfluenceonContexts6.ManagementinMexicoandLatinAmericaTheMexicanandLatinAmericanmanagerialstylehasoftenbeencharacterizedasautocratic(独裁的)andpaternalistic（家长式作风）.Chapter8CulturalInfluenceonContextsBusinessEtiquetteNormsAppointmentseekingTheDateforBusinessGreetingbehaviorGiftgivingChapter8CulturalInfluencesonContextAppointmentseekingWhendoingbusinessinChina,itisimportanttoestablishcontactsbeforeinvestinginatrip.InmuchofLatinAmerica,appointmentsmustbemadeamonthinadvancebymailortelephoneandthenfolloweduponeweekbeforethemeetingTodobusinessinSaudiArabia,youmusthaveasponsoractasanintermediary,makeappointment,andarrangemeetings.Chapter8CulturalInfluenceonContextsTheDateforBusinessInSaudiArabia,nobusinessisconductedduringAid-al-Fitr—thethree-dayfestivalofbreakingfastattheendofthemonthofRamadan—andAid-al-Adha—thethree-dayfeastofsacrifice.InJapan,businessisnotconductedduringNewYear’sholidays,GoldenWeek(April29toMay5),andObon(inmid-August),becausemanypeopletraveltothegravesoftheirancestors.InIsrael,theJewishholyday,theSabbathbeginsatsunsetonFridayandendsatsunsetonSaturday.Chapter8CulturalInfluenceonContextsGreetingbehaviorChinesepeopleusuallyofferabriefhandshakeonmeeting,butamorecommonformofgreetingisanodorbowfromtheshoulders.InAmerican,Bothmenandwomenshakehandsonmeetingandleaving.Asmallkissonthecheekorahugisappropriatebetweenwomenorbetweenmenandwomenwhohaveknowneachotherforalongtime.InSaudiArabia,g