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1.Anabstractservesanimportantfunctioninaresearchreport.Itcommunicatesthescopeofyourpaperandthetopicsdiscussedtoyourreader.Indoingso,itfacilitatesresearch.Abstractshelpscientiststolocatematerialsthatarerelevanttotheirresearchfromamongpublishedpapers,andmanytimesscientistswillonlyreadapaper’sabstractinordertodeterminewhetherthepaperwillberelevanttothem.Consideringyouraudienceandtheirneedswillhelpyoutodeterminewhatshouldbeincludedinyourabstract.——摘要在一份研究报告中发挥着重要作用。它把你论文的范围和讨论的主题传达给读者。这样做有利于研究。摘要帮助科学家从发表的论文中找到与他们研究相关的文献资料，科学家常常只阅读一篇论文的摘要从而决定此论文是否与他们的研究有关。考虑到你的读者和他们的需求会将帮助你决定摘要该包含什么。2.Aninformativeabstractactsasareportinminiature,encapsulatingthewholepaper.Itsummarizesthekeyinformationfromeverymajorsectioninthebodyofthereport,andprovidesthekeyfactsandconclusionsfromthebodyofthereport.Agoodwaytodevelopaninformativeabstractistodevoteasentenceortwotoeachofthemajorpartsofthereport.Ifspacepermits,youcanprovidecontextualinformationsuchasbackgroundoftheproblemandthesignificanceoftheresearch,butyoucanalsoomitcontextualinformationbecausetheabstractisnotsupposedtoserveasanintroductiontothesubjectmatterofthereport----yourintroductionwillservethatrole.Youshould,however,includekeynumericalfactstomaketheinformativeabstractbriefandreaderswillnotbesurprisedtoseekeydatainaninformativeabstract.——信息性摘要作为微型报告，概括整篇论文。它总结了报告主体各个主要部分的关键信息，并且提供了报告主体的关键事实和结论。写信息摘要的一个很好的方法就是从报告的每一主要部分提炼一两句话。如果篇幅允许，你可以提供给一些类上下文信息，如问题背景和研究的意义，但是你也可以省略这些信息，因为摘要不应作为文章主要内容的介绍，而你的引言担当这一角色。你应该无论如何要包含关键数据从而使得信息摘要简洁明了，并且读者不会在信息摘要中看到关键数据而惊讶。3.Anindicativeabstract(sometimescalleddescriptiveabstract)merelyincludesinformationaboutthepurpose,scopeandmethodsusedtoarriveatthefindingscontainedintheoriginaldocument.Thefunctionofindicativeabstractistohelpreadersunderstandthegeneralnatureandscopeoftheresearcharticle.Anindicativeabstractindicatesthesubjectandmainfindingsofthepaperbutitdoesnotgointoadetailedstep-by-stepaccountoftheprocessinvolved.Itisbriefandconcise,fromwhichreaderscandecideiftheyshouldcontinuetoreadtheentirepaper.Thistypeofabstractisoftenusedinwritingtheoreticalpapers,commentaryarticles,andinsomecircumstances,conferenceproceedings.——指示性摘要有时候也称作描述性摘要，仅仅包含原来文档中的目的、范围和为了获得研究结果所使用的方法。指示性摘要的作用就是帮助读者理解学术论文的一般性质和范围。指示性摘要指明论文的主题和主要发现，并不对试验过程进行详细地一步一步的解释。指示性摘要简明扼要，读者能据此决定是否需要继续阅读整篇文章。这种类型的摘要经常用于书写理论论文、评论文章，在某些情况下，也会用于会议论文。4.Putsimply，abstractsandsummariesaresimilar-theybothrepresentabbreviatedformsoflongerworksandoccasionallythetermsareusedinterchangeably-buttheyarenotidentical.Abstractswhichfrequentlyaccompanyjournalarticlesandtechnicalreportscondensethedocumenttogivereadersessentialinformationaboutresearchpurpose,methods,results,conclusionsandrecommendations.Mostabstractsareasingleparagraph，andseldommorethanonepage.Bycontrast,summariesarethoroughthoughusuallylongerthanabstracts.Theyarelessconcernedwithcondensingthedocumentthanwithemphasizingresults,conclusionsandrecommendations.Independentorexecutivesummariesprecededocument,concludingsummariesendadocument.——简而言之，摘要和总结是类似的--它们都呈现出长篇文章的缩短形式，有时候也会交替使用但并不完全相同。摘要通常伴随着期刊文章和技术报告，将文章进行简化，为读者提供诸如研究目的、方法、结果、结论和建议这些必要的信息。大多数摘要就只有一个单独的段落，并且很少超过一页。相比之下，总结较为周密，通常比摘要长。比起简化文章来，总结重在强调结果、结论和建议。独立执行的摘要在文章之前，总结结束一篇文章。5.Anabstractmustbeafullyself-contained,capsuledescriptionofthepaper.Itcan'tassume(orattempttoprovoke)thereaderintoflippingthroughlookingforanexplanationofwhatismeantbysomevaguestatement.Itmustmakesenseallbyitself.Somepointstoconsiderinclude:Meetthewordcountlimitation.Ifyourabstractrunstoolong,eitheritwillberejectedorsomeonewilltakeachainsawtoittogetitdowntosize.Yourpurposeswillbebetterservedbydoingthedifficulttaskofcuttingyourself,ratherthanleavingittosomeoneelsewhomightbemoreinterestedinmeetingsizerestrictionsthaninrepresentingyoureffortsinthebestpossiblemanner.——摘要必须是论文一个完整的自成体系的压缩描述。它不能假设（或试图驱使）读者为了寻找一个含糊不清话语的解释而阅读摘要。它本身必须是有意义的。需要考虑的几点如下：满足字数限制。如果你的摘要写的太长，要么会被退回，要么会有人采取措施把你的摘要缩短直到满足要求。你自己完成缩短摘要篇幅这一艰巨的任务，会更好地将你的目的呈现出来，而不是把它交给一个单纯为了缩短篇幅不顾成果展现形式的人来处理。6.Ofthevarioustypesofdocuments,scientistsandengineerstakegreatestprideinwritingresearchpapersforpublicationinjournals，whichkeepscientistsandengineersuptodateonwhatisgoingonintheirprofessions.Thewriterhasinformationthereaderneeds:whatwasfound,howitwasfound，whatthefindingsmean.Goodscientistsandengineersareasinterestedinthequalityoftheirwritingastheyareinotheraspectsoftheirwork.Theyknowthattechnicaleffortcountsforlittleifthewrittenreportsofthatworkdonotconveyinformationadequately.——在各种类型的文档中，科学家和工程师以发表在期刊上的科研论文为最大的骄傲，这使得科学家和工程师把他们领域内的进展及时更新。作者有读者需要的信息：发现了什么，它是如何被发现的，这些发现有什么意义？优秀的科学家和工程师对他们写作质量和对研究的其他方面一样感兴趣。他们知道如果书面研究报告不能充分传递信息那么他们的技术努力也是没有价值的。7.Thekeytoaneffectiveresearchpaperisintegratingtheresearchintothebodyofthepaper.Thisisalsothemostdifficultpartofwritingthepaper.Theresearchshouldsupportandlendcredencetoyourconclusions,butitshouldnotdominatethepaper.Muchofthewritingshouldbeyourownideasthataresupportedbyresearch.Transitionalwordsandphrasesshouldbeusedtoconnectyourthoughtstothereferences.Ifthat'snotdone，thewritingwillbestiltedandcontrived;Thepaperwillbechoppy,andcoherencewil