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Chapter1AnOverview国歌nationalanthem《义勇军进行曲》MarchoftheVolunteers歌词lyrics临时的provisional全国人民代表大会theNationalPeople’sCongress(NPC)血肉fleshandblood一致通过一项决议unanimouslyadoptaresolution政治中心politicalcenter经济、科学和文化中心economic,scientificandculturalheart著名古都famousancientcapitalcity经历了巨大的变化gothroughgreatdevelopmentandchanges历史名胜placeofhistoricinterest风景胜地placeofscenicbeauty天坛TempleofHeaven祭祀performsacrifices庄严仪式solemnrite颐和园SummerPalace古代园林ancientgardens十三陵MingTombs陵墓mausoleum明代皇帝MingDynastyemperors八达岭长城BadalingsectionoftheGreatWall曾母喑沙南沙群岛ZengmuReef,NanshaIslands交汇处confluence帕米尔高原thePamirs渤海黄海东海南海BohaiSea,YellowSea,EastChinaSea,SouthChinaSea台湾岛钓鱼岛赤尾屿TaiwanIsland,DiaoyuIslands,ChiweiIslands青藏高原theQinghai-TibetPlateau世界屋脊theroofoftheworld珠穆朗玛峰喜马拉雅山脉MountQomolangma,theHimalayas黄土高原theLoessPlateau云贵高原theYunnan-GuizhouPlateau塔里木盆地theTarimBasin大兴安岭theGreaterHinggan雪峰山脉Xuefengmountainranges东北平原theNortheastPlain华北平原theNorthChinaPlain长江中下游平原theMiddle-LowerYangtzePlain大陆架continentalshelf外流/内流水系exterior/interiorsystems长江theYangtzeRiver\theChangjiangRiver自治区autonomousregion直辖市municipality水运主干道mainarteryofwatertransportation干线artery:anyofthetubescarryingbloodfromthehearttoallpartsofthebody;importantroutefortraffic黄河theYellowRiver含沙量最多的河themostheavilysilt-ladenriver地上河raised-bedriver重要产粮基地importantproductionbaseforgrains淡水湖咸水湖freshwaterlake,saltwaterlake洞庭湖太湖DongtingLake,TaihuLake京杭大运河海河钱塘江theGrandCanal,theHaiheRiver,theQiantangjiangRiver水利设施waterconservancy北温带theNorthTemperateZone大陆季风气候continentalmonsoonclimate西伯利亚Siberia热带亚热带tropicalzone,subtropicalzone暖温带温带寒温带warm-temperatezone,temperatezone,cold-temperatezone年平均降水量averageannualprecipitation东南沿海地区southeasterncoastalareas历史概况outlinehistory最早的原始人元谋人北京人thefirstprimitiveman,YuanmouMan,PekingMan古代近/现代ancientperiod,modernperiod传说人物legendaryfigure黄帝EmperorHuang炎黄子孙thedescendantsofYanandHuang奴隶制institutionofslavery贤君sageking春秋战国（时期）theSpringandAutumnandtheWarringStatesPeriods《春秋》：SpringandAutumnAnnals诸侯duke公侯伯子男duke,marquis,earl/count,viscount,baron;baronet封建王朝feudalmonarchy始皇帝FirstEmperor农历（阳历）lunarcalendar(solarcalendar)(lunatic)农历闰年lunarleapyear节气seasonaldivisionpoint天干地支theHeavenlyStemsandEarthlyBranches辛亥革命theRevolutionof1911甲午战争theSino-JapaneseWarof1894-1895戊戌变法theReformMovementof1898三国时期theThreeKingdomsPeriod三国鼎立inatripartitebalance[tripartitediscussion]盛世gloriousperiod黄袍加身?clothesb.intheyellowgownclothesb.intheyellowimperialgown登基ascendthethrone成吉思汗GenghisKhan鸦片战争theOpiumWar半封建、半殖民地国家countryofsemi-feudalandsemi-colonialstatus辛亥革命theRevolutionof1911孙中山SunYat-sen中山大学SunYat-senUniversity中华民国theRepublicofChina开国大总统thefirstpresident五四运动theMay4thMovement抗日战争theanti-JapaneseWar解放战争theLiberationWar新疆维吾尔自治区：UygurAutonomousRegionofXinjiang特别行政区specialadministrativeregion(SAR)一国两制onecountry,twosystems国家统计局theNational民族分布distributionoftheBureauofStatisticsethnicgroups汉文化Hanculture少数民族minorityethnicgroups国家人口普查nationalcensus牧区pastoralarea宪法constitution国家基本大法thefundamentallawofthestate民主党派;执政党democraticparty;partyinpower(rulingparty)在野党partyoutofpower多党合作与政治协商multi-partycooperationandpoliticalconsultation统一战线unitedfront改革开放reformandopening-up宏观调控macrocontrol中国政府官方网站theChineseGovernment’sOfficialWebPortal国内生产总值grossdomesticproduct(GDP)基本国策fundamentalstatepolicies调整经济体制restructureeconomicsystem计划经济（体制）plannedeconomysystem社会主义市场经济socialistmarketeconomy非公部门non-publicsector中国改革开放的总设计师thechiefarchitectofChina’sreformandopening-up充分发挥其优越性bringitsbenefitsintofullplay(givefullplayto…)同胞fellowcountrymenChapt2PhilosophyandReligions儒教、道Confucianism,四大发明FourGreat教、佛教Taoism,BuddhismInventions非竞技体育运动（如太极拳、武术）non-competitivesports(suchastaichiandwushu)竞技体育运动competitivesports思想流派schoolsofthought基本形成takedefiniteshapes得以蓬勃发展enjoythrivingdevelopment百家争鸣ahundredschoolsofthoughtcontend中国古代哲学ancientChinesePhilosophy[中国古典文学classicalChineseliterature]先秦子学thephilosophyinpre-Qintimes儒家学说Confucianism墨家、法家Mohism,Legalism孔子、孟子Confucius,Mencius核心思想、言行、行为准则coreofthought,wordsanddeeds,codeofbehavior仁、义、忠、恕benevolence,justice/righteousness,allegiance,forbearance中庸之道thedoctrineofthegoldenmean(seetheexplanationonp.18)伦理关系ethicalrelations孔子的（儒家的）Confucian道、天道、人道Dao/Tao(theWayasthenoumenonofthecosmos),theHeavenlyWay,theHumanWay老子、《道德经》LaoZi/Lao-Tse,DaoDeJing/TaoTeChing无为而治achievinggoodgovernmentthroughnon-action兼爱universallove尚贤honorvirtuouspeople非命、非攻opposefatalism,节用（厉行upholdthriftiness,opposeaggressivewars节约）、节葬upholdsimplefunerals韩非子HanFeiZi官僚制度bureaucracy两汉经学theorthodoxphilosophyduringtheHanDynasty汉武帝EmperorWudi(ofHanDynasty)“罢黜百家，独尊儒术”banallschoolsofthoughtexceptConfucianism官学、正统哲学orthodoxschool,orthodoxphilosophy玄学metaphysics《易经》TheBookofChanges(oneoftheFiveClassics)（“四书五经”：四书：《大学》、《中庸》、《论语》、《孟子》TheFourBooks:TheGreatLearning,TheDoctrineoftheMean,TheConfucianAnalects,TheWorksofMencius五经：《诗》（诗经/诗三百）、《书》（尚书/书经）、《礼》（周礼；周公旦）、《易》（易经/周易）、《春秋》TheFiveClassics(collectedandcompiledbyConfucius):TheBookofPoetry/Songs/Odes,TheBookofHistory,TheBookofRites,TheBookofChanges,andTheSpringandAutumnAnnals）有无、本末existencevsnonexistence,essentialsvsno