专题二短文改错[做考题·明考情]A(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)WhenIwaslittle,Friday'snightwasourfamilygamenight.Aftersupper,wewouldplaycardgamesofallsortinthesittingroom.Asthekid,Ilovedtowatchcartoons,butnomatterhowmanytimesIaskedtowatchingthem,myparentswouldnottoletme.Theywouldsaytousthatplayingcardgameswouldhelpmybrain.StillIunwillingtoplaythegamesforthemsometimes.Ididn'trealizehowrightmyparentsareuntilIenteredhighschool.ThegamesmyparentstaughtmewhereIwasachildturnedouttobeveryusefullaterinmylife.答案:第一句:Friday's→Friday第二句:sort→sorts第三句:the→a;watching→watch;去掉not后的to第四句:us→me第五句:I后加was;for→with第六句:are→were第七句:where→whenB(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)ItwasMondaymorning,andthewritingclasshadjustbegin.Everyonewassilent,waittoseewhowouldbecalledupontoreadhisandherparagraphaloud.Someofuswereconfidentandeagertakepartintheclassactivity;otherswerenervousandanxious.Ihaddonemyselfhomework,butIwasshy.Iwasafraidthattospeakinfrontofalargergroupofpeople.Atthatmoment,Irememberedthatmyfatheroncesaid,“Theclassroomisaplaceforlearningandthatincludelearningfromtextbooks,andmistakeaswell.”Immediate,Iraisedmyhand.答案:第一句:begin→begun第二句:wait→waiting;and→or第三句:eager后加to第四句:myself→my/the第五句:去掉that;larger→large第六句:include→includes;mistake→mistakes第七句:Immediate→Immediately“三表”析清短文改错一、命题视角原则表——知考什么(“频次”中的数字为2016~2018年全国卷9套试题的考查题量累计)宏观考向词法微观考法考点频次设误角度动词24时态、语态、非谓语动词、情态动词与虚拟语气名词8可数不可数、单数还是复数、是否需用所有格代词10主格与宾格、人称与物主、人称与反身、各种不定代词形容词、副词10原级、比较级、最高级冠词7不定冠词、定冠词还是零冠词介词9基本用法、固定搭配数词1基数词与序数词词性误用7形容词与副词、形容词与名词、名词与动词宏观考向句法行文逻辑微观考法考点频次考点频次并列连词7时态一致11从属关联词7指代一致6主谓一致0逻辑一致6therebe句型与特殊句式0通过上表我们不难看出,短文改错的考点设置有以下特征:1.设题的角度有三个:词法、句法和行文逻辑。从这三个角度考查考生在语篇中综合运用语言知识的准确性。2.词法的考查频次最多的为动词,其次是代词、形容词和副词、介词、名词、冠词、词性误用等。3.句法的考查频次以并列连词和从属关联词为主。4.行文逻辑的考查主要有时态一致、指代一致和逻辑一致,考查频次差不多。考点的这些设置特征为我们答题提供了重要的信息:一要注意动词的形态变化;二要看人称代词的一致性和关联词的正确性;三要根据在句中的功能来确定词性:名词(常作主语、宾语)、形容词(常作表语、定语)和副词(常作状语);四要看全文的时态、指代、逻辑是否一致。二、解题意识原则表——有何规律短文改错10处错误中,设错方式是有规律的,一般情况下,多、缺词2~3个,错词7~8个,做完题后,可按此规律进行查验。类型总数(10)常考点多、缺词2~3be的各种形式、介词、冠词、不定式符号、三大从句关联词、代词、副词、固定搭配中的虚词错词7~8连词、三大从句关联词、动词、名词、代词、形容词、副词等三、规范解题原则表——怎么修改做短文改错题时,应该针对短文中的用词错误、语法错误、逻辑错误加以改正,不应更改作者的原意,做到“换词不改意,加词不增意,去词不减意”。历年的短文改错题中需要添加或删除的地方差不多有2至3处。这些需要添、删的词一般都是虚词(如冠词、介词等),不是实词(如动词、名词等),否则会改变句子的原意。在短文改错题中,一般只是改变实词的形式,而不能改变实词的词义,也不能将其改换成另一个实词,更不能随便增删。短文改错题一般要求每句最多有两处错误(2018年全国卷Ⅱ有三处错误)。改动的方法可以是增词、删词或换词,但无论作何种改动,都只能是围绕一个词进行。以保持句子原意不变为原则虚词以添加或删除为原则实词以改变词形为原则改动处以最少为原则[知考点·通技法][典例](2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Duringmylastwinterholiday,Iwenttocountrysidewithmyfathertovisitmygrandparents.Ifindabigchangethere.ThefirsttimeIwentthere,theywerelivinginasmallhousewithdogs,ducks,andanotheranimals.LastwinterwhenIwenthereagain,theyhadabigseparatehousetoraisedozensofchicken.Theyalsohadasmallpondwhichtheyraisedfish.Mygrandpasaidlastsummertheyearnedquitealotbysellthefish.Ifelthappilythattheirlifehadimproved.Attheendofourtrip,ItoldmyfatherthatIplannedtoreturnforeverytwoyears,butheagreed.[解题示范]第一步:从语篇入手,理解大意,着眼时态和语态。根据第一句中的时间状语Duringmylastwinterholiday和下文内容可知,本文讲述的是作者去年寒假看望爷爷奶奶的事,因此整体时态为过去时,故第二句中的时态应用一般过去时,find→found。第二步:从句子入手,逐句分析,推敲语法。注意几乎每年都考查的动词、名词、形容词、冠词和介词类错误,同时注意其他语法类错误。第一句中,gotothecountryside“去乡下”为固定用法,故countryside前应加the;第三句,another“又一,再一”后跟可数名词单数,可数名词复数前应用other“其他的”,故another→other;第四句,根据语境,此处指去那儿,故here→there,chicken前由dozensof修饰,名词应用复数形式,故chicken→chickens;第五句,定语从句的先行词是pond,关系词在从句中作地点状语,故which→where或which前加in;第六句,by为介词,后跟动词时要用动名词形式,故sell→selling;第七句,felt为系动词,后跟形容词作表语,故happily→happy;第八句,everytwoyears为习惯用法,意为“每两年”,其前不用加介词,故去掉for。第三步:从行文逻辑入手,兼顾上下,审查连代。通过前两步仍有一处没能找出,这时要重读短文,从上下文逻辑关系进行排查,放眼全篇去思考。第八句,根据前后语境可知,heagreed与上文之间为逻辑上的顺承关系,故but→and。[课堂应用体验]A(2018·洛阳联考)WhenIwasinprimaryschool,Iwatchedamovieaboutglobalwarming.Seetheimagesoficemeltingandthepolarbearshabitatbeingdestroyedmademedisappointed.Ibegintorealizeitwasimportanttodowhatwecansavetheenvironment.Iaskedmymomtobuyabluerecyclingbin.Andsheimmediateagreedtogetit.Besides,shegotformeablackonefortrash.Inowhavearecyclingbinforwastepapersandplasticbottlesinmyroom.Imaybejustoneperson,soIfeellikeIammakingthebigdifference.答案:第二句:See→Seeing;bears→bears'第三句:begin→began;save前加to第五句:immediate→immediately;it→one第六句:去掉第一个for第七句:papers→paper第八句:so→but/yet;the→aB(2018·湖北四市七校联考)ThesunwasjustslowlycomeupoverthemountainstodayasItookmydogsforitsmorningwalk.IsmiledasIwatchedthecloudsgraduallyturntowhiteandgold.TheairwascoolandIworeabigsmileinmyface.Eventhoughthereweren'tleafonthetrees,butIcouldstillhearbirdssingingsongsofspring.Evenmydogsseemedtonoticethedifferentintheair.Theywereplayinginsteadofjustdotheirmorningbusinessinthegrass.Theparticulargoldensunseemedtomakeitabeautifulday.AsIheadedback,Irealizesomething.Thebeautyofdaydidn'tcomefromthewarmthofthesun.Itcamefromthewarmthwithinmyownheartandsoul.答案:第一句:come→coming;its→their第三句:in→on第四句:leaf→leaves;but→yet或去掉but第五句:different→difference(s)第六句:do→doing第七句:particular→particularly第八句:realize→realized第九句:day前加the