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1Lesson1MiddleEasternBazaar1.Onomatopoeia:istheformationofwordsinimitationofthesoundsassociatedwiththethingconcerned.e.g.1)tinklingbells(Para.1)2)Asyouapproachit,atinklingandbangingandclashingbeginstoimpingeonyourear.(Para.5)3)thesqueakingandrumbling(Para.9)2.Metaphor:istheuseofawordorphrasewhichdescribesonethingbystatinganothercomparablethingwithoutusing“as”or“like”.e.g.1)…inthemazeofvaultedstreetswhichhoneycombthisbazaar(Para.7)2)Itgrowslouderandmoredistinct,untilyouroundacornerandseeafairylandofdancingflashes,…(Para.5)3.alliteration:istheuseofseveralwordsincloseproximitybeginningwiththesameletterorletters.e.g.1)…threadtheirwayamongthethrongsofpeople(Para.1)4.Hyperbole:istheuseofaformofwordstomakesthsoundbig,small,loudandsoonbysayingthatitislikesomethingevenbigger,smaller,louder,etc.e.g.…andsothickwiththedustofcenturiesthat…(Para.8)afloodofglisteninglinseedoil(Para.9)5．Contrast:e.g.1)…atinyapprenticeblowsabigcharcoalfirewithahugeleatherbellows…(Para.5)2)…whichtowerstothevaultedceilinganddwarfsthecamelsandtheirstonewheels.(Para.5)6.Personification:afigureofspeechinwhichinanimateobjectsareendowedwithhumanqualitiesorarerepresentedaspossessinghumanform.e.g.1)…wherecamelsliedisdainfullychewingtheirhay,…(Para.7)2)Itgrowslouderandmoredistinct,untilyouroundacornerandseeafairylandofdancingflashes,astheburnishedcoppercatchesthelightof…(Para.5)Lesson2V:FiguresofspeechMetaphor:暗喻1).Andsecondly,becauseIhadalumpinmythroatandalotofsadthoughtsonmymindthathadlittletodowithanythinginNipponrailwaysofficialmightsay.(Para.22)Atlasttheintermezzocametoanendand…(Para.5)Synecdoche:提喻Afigureofspeechinwhichapartisusedforthewhole(ahandforsailor),thewholeforapart(asthelawforpoliceofficer),thespecificforthegeneral(ascutthroatforassassin),thegeneralforthespecific(asthiefforpickpocket),orthematerialforthethingfromwhichitismade(assteelforsword).举隅法，提喻法：一种修辞方法，以局部代表整体（如用手代表水手），以整体代表局部（如用法律代表警官），以特殊代表一般（如用直柄剃刀代表杀人者），以一般代表特殊（如用贼代表扒手），或用原材料代表用该材料制造的东西（如用钢代表剑）e.g.TheratherarrestingspectacleoflittleoldJapanadriftamidbeigeconcreteskyscrapersistheverysymboloftheincessantstrugglebetweenthekimonoandtheminiskirt.(Para.7)littleoldJapan:traditionalJapanesehousesMetonymy:换喻Afigureofspeechinwhichonewordorphraseissubstitutedforanotherwithwhichitiscloselyassociated,asintheuseof“Washington”for“theUnitedStatesgovernment”orof“thesword”for“militarypower”.换喻，转喻：一种一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，如用“华盛顿”代替“美政府”或用“剑”代替“军事力量”TheratherarrestingspectacleoflittleoldJapanadriftamidbeigeconcreteskyscrapersistheverysymboloftheincessantstrugglebetweenthekimonoandtheminiskirt.(Para.7)thekimonoandtheminiskirt:theJapanesecultureandthewesterncultureIrony：反语Theuseofwordstoexpresssomethingdifferentfromandoftenoppositetotheirliteralmeaningtoachievethehumorousandironiceffect.反语：用词语表达与它们的字面意思相异或相反的用法,以达到幽默和讽刺的效果。e.g.Hiroshima—the“liveliest”CityinJapanThiswayIlookatthemandcongratulatemyselfonthegoodfortunethatmyillnesshasbroughtme.(P.17)Climax:层进法Aseriesofstatementsorideasinanascendingorderofrhetoricalforceorintensity.层进法：在不断增强的修辞力度或强度中使用的一系列陈述和方法Anti-climax:渐降Anti-climax,asusedinthetext,statesone’sthoughtsinadescendingorderofsignificanceorintensityfromstrongtoweak,fromweightytolight.Ithasachievedahumorousorsurprisedorevenasarcasticeffectwhenthemayorwasintroducinghiscitytothevisitors,whowereexpectinghisanswertohavesomethingtodowiththeatombomb,butwhoironicallyheard“oysters”intheend.3渐降表述概念的方式是使意义强烈的语言按照步步降低的语气顺序排列，语势由强而弱，语气由重到轻，有此达到取笑、讽刺或是喜剧的效果。e.g.“seldomhasacitygainedsuchworldrenown,andIamproudandhappytowelcomeyoutoHiroshima,atownknownthroughouttheworldforits—oysters.”(p.15)Lesson4EverydayUse—foryourgrandmamaHyperbole1)Andshestopsandtriestodigawellinthesandwithhertoe.(Para.18)simile1)…thescaldinghumorthateruptedlikebubblesinlye.(Para.15)2)“Mama,”Wangerosaidsweetasabird.“canIhavetheseoldquilts?”(Para.56)3)Maggie’shandisaslimpasafish,…(Para.23)Lesson5SpeechonHitler’sInvasionoftheU.S.S.R.1.Rhetoricalquestion反问句Interrogationasksaquestionnotinordertoobtainananswer,butforthepurposeofmakinganassertioninastrikingandlivelyway.E.g.…butcanyoudoubtwhatourpolicywillbe?(Para.10)2.parallelstructureandrepetition排比和重复1)WewillneverparleyWewillnevernegotiatewithHitleroranyofhisgang(Para.10)2)weshallfighthimbylandweshallfighthimbyseaweshallfighthimintheair.(Para.10)3)IseetheRussiansoldiersstanding…Iseethemguarding…Iseethetenthousandvillages…Iseeadvancingupon…(Para.8)3.RepetitionTherepeateduseofthesamesynonymouswords,toaddforce,clearnessorbalancetoasentenceWehavebutoneaimandonesingle,irrevocablepurpose.(Para.10)Wewillneverparley,wewillnevernegotiate…(Para.10)…asweshallfaithfullyandsteadfastlytotheend….(Para.10)Weshallbestrengthenedandnotweakenedindeterminationandinresources.(Prar.411)Hehassolongthrivedandprospered.(Para.12)4.simileIseealsothedull…Germansoldiers…crawlinglocusts.(p79-80)5.metaphor1)Isupposetheywillberoundedupinhordes.(Para.1)2)…delightedtofindwhattheybelieveisaneasierandasaferprey(theRussiansoldiers).(Para.8)3)…andlaunchthiscataractofhorrorsamongmankind.(Para.9)4)wehaveridtheearthofhiss