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英国浪漫主义文学的特点1.Spontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeeling2.creationofaworldofimagination3.returntonatureformaterial4.sympathywiththehumbleandglorificationofcommonplace5.expressionofindividualgenius6.interestinMiltonandElizabethanAgeforliteraturemodel7.interestinoldstoriesandmedievalromances8.rebelliusspirit9.expressionofmelancholyandgloomymoodDefiningthenatureofRomanticismmaybeapproachedfromthestartingpointoftheprimaryimportanceofthefreeexpressionofthefeelingsoftheartist.TheimportancetheRomanticsplacedonuntrammelledfeelingissummedupintheremarkoftheGermanpainterCasparDavidFriedrichthattheartist'sfeelingishislaw.[7]Criticalrealismsimply,criticalrealismhighlightsamind-dependentaspectoftheworld,whichreachestounderstand(andcomestounderstandingof)themindindependentworld.Aestheticism(ortheAestheticMovement)isanartmovementsupportingtheemphasisofaestheticvaluesmorethansocio-politicalthemesforliterature,fineart,musicandotherarts1莎士比亚十四行诗结构Thesonnetsarealmostallconstructedfromthreefour-linestanzas(calledquatrains)andafinalcoupletcomposediniambicpentameter[18](ameterusedextensivelyinShakespeare'splays)withtherhymeschemeababcdcdefefgg(thisformisnowknownastheShakespeareansonnet).....主题OneinterpretationisthatShakespeare'ssonnetsareinpartapasticheorparodyofthethree-centuries-oldtraditionofPetrarchanlovesonnets;ShakespeareconsciouslyinvertsconventionalgenderrolesasdelineatedinPetrarchansonnetstocreateamorecomplexandpotentiallytroublingdepictionofhumanlove.[27]Healsoviolatedmanysonnetrules,whichhadbeenstrictlyobeyedbyhisfellowpoets:heplayswithgenderroles(20),hespeaksonhumanevilsthatdonothavetodowithlove(66),hecommentsonpoliticalevents(124),hemakesfunoflove(128),hespeaksopenlyaboutsex(129),heparodiesbeauty(130),andevenintroduceswittypornography(151).Sonnet29结构followsthesamebasicstructureasShakespeare'sothersonnets,containingfourteenlinesandwritteniniambicpentameter,andcomposedofthreerhymingquatrainswitharhymingcoupletattheend.However,itdoesnotfollowthetraditionalEnglishrhymeschemeofABABCDCDEFEFGG.Rather,theschemeisABABCDCDEBEBFF.主题CamillePagliastatesthatthereisnothinginthepoemthatwouldprovideaclueastowhetherthepoemisdirectedtowardsamanorawoman,butassumes,asmanydo,thatSonnet29waswrittenabouttheyoungman[6]BothPagliaandFrankagreethatthefirstoctaveisabouttheSpeaker’scurrentdepressioncausedbyhissocialostracisminhisoutcaststate”(line2)andpersonalmisfortunethathas“curse[d]myfate”(line4).TheSpeakerproclaimshisjealousyofthosethatare“richinhope”(line5)and“withfriendspossess'd”(line6),onceagainreferringtohishopelessnessandlowsocialstatus.Pagliareferstothissectionofthepoemasa“listofhalf-imaginarygrievances.”Frankseemstoagreewithherstatementof“halfimaginary”sincehebelievestheSpeakerwillshisownmisery.2JosephAddison(1May1672–17June1719)wasanEnglishessayist,poet,playwrightandpolitician.Hewasamanofletters,eldestsonofLancelotAddison.Hisnameisusuallyrememberedalongsidethatofhislong-standingfriend,RichardSteele,withwhomhefoundedTheSpectatormagazine.3Addison'scharacterhasbeendescribedaskindandmagnanimous,albeitsomewhatcoolandunimpassioned.Hisappealingmannersandconversationmadehimoneofthemostpopularmenofhisday;andwhilehelaidhisfriendsunderobligationsforsubstantialfavours,heshowedgreatforbearancetowardshisfewenemies.Hisessaysarenotedfortheirclarityandelegantstyle,aswellastheircheerfulandrespectfulhumour.OneflawinAddisoncharacterwasatendencytoconvivialexcess,whichnonethelessshouldbejudgedinviewofthesomewhatlaxmannersofhistime.4造谣学校谢里丹SceneI:LadySneerwell,awealthyyoungwidow,andherhirelingSnakediscusshervariousscandal-spreadingplots.SnakeaskswhysheissoinvolvedintheaffairsofSirPeterTeazle,hiswardMaria,andCharlesandJosephSurface,twoyoungmenunderSirPeter'sinformalguardianship,andwhyshehasnotyieldedtotheattentionsofJoseph,whoishighlyrespectable.LadySneerwellconfidesthatJosephwantsMaria,whoisanheiress,andthatshewantsCharles.ThussheandJosephareplottingtoalienateMariafromCharlesbyputtingoutrumorsofanaffairbetweenCharlesandSirPeter'snewyoungwife,LadyTeazle.JosepharrivestoconferwithLadySneerwell.Mariaherselfthenenters,fleeingtheattentionsofSirBenjaminBackbiteandhisuncleCrabtree.Mrs.Candourentersandironicallytalksabouthowtale-bearersareasbadasthetale-makers.Soonafterthat,SirBenjaminandCrabtreealsoenter,bringingagooddealofgossipwiththem.OneitemistheimminentreturnoftheSurfacebrothers'richuncleSirOliverfromtheEastIndies,wherehehasbeenforsixteenyears;anotherisCharles'direfinancialsituation.7OscarwildeThePictureofDorianGrayThenoveltellsofayoungmannamedDorianGray,thesubjectofapaintingbyartistBasilHallward.BasilisimpressedbyDorian'sbeautyandbecomesinfatuatedwithhim,believinghisbeautyisresponsibleforanewmodeinhisart.DorianmeetsLordHenryWotton,afriendofBasil's,andbecomesenthralledbyLordHenry'sworldview.Espousinganewhedonism,LordHenrysuggeststheonlythingsworthpursuinginlifearebeautyandfulfilmentofthesenses.Realizingthatonedayhisbeautywillfade,Dorian(whimsically)expressesadesiretosellhissoultoensuretheportraitBasilhaspaintedwouldageratherthanhe.Dorian'swishisfulfiled,andwhenhesub