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1目录摘要..........................................................................................................................I关键词......................................................................................................................I第一章绪论..........................................................................................................11.1课题研究目的及意义······························································11.2人数计数系统应用·································································11.3本文主要内容安排·································································1第二章人数计数系统总体方案设计..................................................................32.1人数计数系统分类·································································32.2红外检测人数计数系统···························································32.2.1光电式传感器工作原理·····················································32.2.2光电式传感器构成···························································42.2.3光电式传感器分类和工作方式············································42.3系统总体方案设计·································································52.4主要器件选择·······································································62.4.1光电传感器选择······························································62.4.2系统CPU选择································································62.4.3无线收发模块选择···························································72.4.4电源芯片选择·································································9第三章系统硬件电路设计................................................................................113.1系统硬件电路总体设计·························································113.2系统各部分硬件电路设计······················································113.2.1单片机电路设计····························································113.2.2nRF2401电路设计·························································123.2.3串口通信电路设计·························································153.2.4电源电路设计·······························································16第四章系统软件设计........................................................................................174.1系统软件总体设计·······························································174.2系统主模块程序设计····························································174.3系统子模块程序设计····························································18第五章系统软硬件调试....................................................................................215.1伟福仿真系统调试·······························································215.2硬件系统调试·····································································21结论....................................................................................................................23参考文献................................................................................................................242致谢......................................................................................................................25附录......................................................................................................................26I摘要在大型场所中，往往人流量较大时，为避免紧急情况发生，需要对进出场所的人数需要进行统计，以掌握和控制人数。本课题设计了一种某大型场所进出人数自动计数系统，该系统具有设计简单、成本低廉、安装方便的特点，适合大型场所实现进出人数的自动计数。本文首先介绍了课题的研究目的及意义，对人数计数系统的应用进行了简要介绍。对系统的总体设计方案进行了设计，给出了系统硬件电路设计的详细方案，给出了软件设计流程，并对系统调试情况进行了详细阐述。关键词人数计数系统；光电开关；无线收发模块；串口通信1第一章绪论1.1课题研究目的及意义某些大型场所人流量较大，如果人数超限，一旦发生紧急情况，将会带来无法估计的损失，如何有效的了解人员数量，更加有效地管理，尽早地控制人员数量，避免不必要的损失，是新一代智能产品的研发基础及最终目的。基于以上目的，本课题设计了一种某大型场所进出人数自动计数系统，该系统利用红外光电传感器实现检测、无线收发模块将数据送至主机系统，从而完成进出人数的自动计数，该系统既有成本较低、设计简单的特点，适用于各种场所的进出人数自动计数，具有较高的应用前景。1.2人数计数系统应用应用于公交车辆上的自动乘客计数(APC)系统的组成主要有红外线监测装置，热量监测装置，光电监测单元，气胎重量监测装置等⋯。红外线监测装置通常装配在车门口，它通过对红外线光束流的中断次数的计数，来实现对乘客流量的计数，每一次中断代表乘客上车或下车。西门子的自动乘客计数系统即是利用红外线2，监测系统根据乘客上车或下车时经过两个红外线传感器监测区域的先后顺序不同，可判断出乘客的运动方向。此系统在于当乘客数量较多且无序经过时，精度不高。在矿井乘罐人数计数系统中，通过在煤矿安装智能矿井乘罐人数计数器时．针对实际现场空间和布局．以较为美观的栅栏进出口作为计数器的数据采集点，以保证计数的准确性。同时，在栅栏通道里口进行了栅栏门设计，由气缸控制栅栏门的开合，通过对计数器溢出脉冲信号、停罐脉冲信号及安全门闭锁信号的采集来控制气缸电磁阀，实现安全门与计数器的联动。1.3本文主要内容安排第1章主要介绍了课题的研究目的及意义，对人数计数系统的应用进行了简要介绍。第2章介绍了人数计数系统的分类、红外检测人数计数系统的原理，并给出了本系统的总体设计方案，结合该设计方案，对实现系统的主要元器件的选择进行了介绍。第3章对系统硬件电路进行了设计，包括了总体硬件电路设计以及各部分硬2件电路设计。第4章对系统软件设计进行了详细介绍，给出了主模块程序流程图和子模块程序流程图，并详细进行了说明。第4章对软硬件电路调试进行了简要阐述。最后，对全文进行了总结。3第二章人数计数系统总体方案设计2.1人数计数系统分类人数计数系统根据检测方法的不同大致可以分为两类，一类利用红外传感器对人员进行检测，通过对红外线光束流的中断次数的计数，来实现对人员流量的计数；另一类应用了视频检测技术，利用摄像头对目标进行图像采集，将采集后的图像进行相关算法的处理以实现人数计数。上述两种方法中，方法一实现简单，成本低，而方法二技术相对先进，适用性较强。因此，本文采用了方法一来实现人数计数系统的设计，即利用红外传感器对人员进行检测的方法。2.2红外检测人数计数系统2.2.1光电式传感器工作原理光电式传感器是一种以光电器件作为转换元件，将被测量通过光量的变化转换成电量进行检测的传感器。光电式传感器一般由光源、光学元件和光电元件三部分组成。光源发射出一定通量的光线，由光电元件接收，在检测时，被测量使光源发出的光通量发生变化，因而使接收光通量的光电元件的输出电量也作相应的变化，最后用电量来表示被测量的大小。光电式传感器输出的电量可以是模拟量，也可以是数字量。其工作原理如图2.1所示。图2.1光电式传感器工作原理42.2.2光电式传感器构成光电开关是通过把光强度的变化转换成电信号的变化来实现控制的。光电传感器在一般情况下，有三部分构成，它们分为：发送器，接收器和检测电路。发送器对准目标发射光束，发射的光束一般来源于半导体光源，发光二极管（LED）和激光二极管。光束不间断地发射，或者改变脉冲宽度。接收器有光电二极管或光电三极管组成。在接收器的前面，装有光学元件如透镜和光圈等。在其后面是检测电路，它能滤出有效信号和应用该信号。此外，光电传感器的结构元件中还有发射板和光导纤维。三角反射板是结构牢固的反射装置。它由很小的三角锥体反射材料组成，能够使光束准确地从反射板中返回，具有实用意义。它可以在与光轴0到25的范围改变发射角，使光束几乎是从一根发射线，经过反射后，还是从这根反射线返回。光纤（又称光导