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1研究生英语听力材料（朗文3听力课文1-12U）人人为我，我为人人。免费共享，fromNEU，yang。Unit1Slang:TalkingCool.............................................................................................................1Unit2Murphy’sLaw....................................................................................................................4Unit3TypesofMemory...............................................................................................................7Unit4ActionsSpeakLouderthanWords.....................................................................................9Unit5Marriage:TraditionsandTrends......................................................................................13Unit6Blackholes,WhiteholesandWormholes.......................................................................16Unit7AnimalTalk......................................................................................................................19Unit8GenderDifferencesInLanguage.....................................................................................22Unit9FashionandStatus...........................................................................................................25Unit10TheMakingofGenius......................................................................................................28Unit11TheNewGlobalSuperculture..........................................................................................31Unit12ComputerSecurity...........................................................................................................34Unit1Slang:TalkingCoolTeacher:Ok,let’sgetstarted…Todaywe’regoingtobelookingatareallyinterestingphenomenon,slang.We’llbelookingatwhereslangcomesfrom,whousesitandwhy.Wealluseitmoreoftenthanyoumightthing—everydayofourlives,infact.Andweuseitforareason.Youknow,mostofuswarefascinatedwithslang.Wecontinuallyhearnewwordsorphrasesenterthelanguageandreplaceold,andweseefamiliarwordstakeonnewmeanings.Wefeelaneedtokeepintouchwiththesechanges,tobeawareofthelateststreettalk.Factis,weloveslang.Butwhatisitexactly?Whatisslang?Anyoneliketosuggestadefinition?Student1:Isn’titbasicallykindofcasualtalk?Teacher:Canyousayabitmore?Student1:Youknow,thesortofwordsweusewithfriends…inrelaxedsituations.Teacher:Good.You’reprettymuchtherewithyourideaofcasuallanguage.Wecansaythatslangislanguagethat’sfoundonlyintheveryinformalspeechofparticulargroupsofpeople.Itcanhelptoidentifythecommunities,thegroupsofpeople,whouseit.Andthisbringsmetothefirstimportantpointofthelecture—whypeopleuseslang.Alotofslangcomesfromnotwantingtobeunderstoodbyoutsiders,peopleoutsideyourcircle.Inotherwords,peopleexploitslangtogivetheirgroupanidentity,bymakingtheirlanguageexclusive,oratleastprivate.Throughthisprivatelanguage,theycanteaseoneanother,enjoysharedexperiences,andkeepeveryoneelseatadistance.Allculturescontaingroupsorsubcultureswithdifferentinterestandpriorities,andeachgrouptriestoestablishaseparateidentity.Theywantpeopletoknowwhotheyare,whattheystandfor–andslanghelpstoconstructandcementthatidentity.Wecansay,then,thatslangreflectstheexperiences,beliefs,2andvaluesofitsspeakers.Nowlet’slookmorecloselyatthisrelationshipbetweenslangandcommunity,slangandidentity.Aniceexampleofthisis,uh,studentlanguage,sometimescalled“youth-speak.”Youngpeopleusealotofslang,andmanyofthewordstheyuseareusedbybothsexes,oftenmetaphoricallyratherthanliterally.Thatistosay,theconventionalmeaningofthewordschange.Forexample,wordsthathavetraditionallyhadstrongnegativeliteralmeaningsthatareusedasinsultshavetakenon,uh,gentler,andinmanycasesevenpositivemeaningsinconversation.We’lllookatsomeexampleslater.Now,ifyouaskcollegestudentswhytheyuseslang,they’lltellyouit’scool,andthat’strueinseveraldifferentways.First,it’scoolbecauseit’sinstyle,infashion.Usingcurrentslangshowsthatthespeakerisintunewiththetimes…youknow,thatheorsheknowswhat’sinfashionandispartofthefashion.Second,slangiscoolinthesenseofshowingthatthespeakerisknowledgeable…thespeakeris“intheknow,”thespeakerknowswhenslangisacceptable.Peopledon’tuseslangallthetime,onlyinsituationsandwithpeoplewhoaccepttheuseofslang—apointI’llreturntolater.Researchtellsusthatalthoughyoungpeopleoftendenythattheyuseslangintentionally,infacttheyclearlychoosewhetherornottouseitdependingonthesituationthey’rein.Aswe’vealreadysaid,slang’stypicallyusedininformalratherthanformalsettings,andthisiscertainlytrueamongcollegestudents:Theyusuallyavoidusingitintheclassroomoraworkenvironment,forexample.Anyoneliketosuggestwhy?Student1:Peoplewon’tunderstandthem.Student2:Yeah,soit’slikeawasteoftime.Teacher:Well,thatmaybetrue,butit’snotthemainreason.Theydon’tuseitsimplybecauseitcouldmakethemlookbad.Andeveryonehateslookingbad,right?So,toreview,we’vesaidthatstudentsuseslangonlyincertainsituations.Buttheyalsoonlyuseitwithcertainpeople,usuallyfriends.Whentheyuseslang,theyareshowingthattheysharesocialandemotionalexperiences—soslangreinforcestheirrelationships.But…italsogivesspecialmeaningtowhattheysay.Forinstance,tosay“Thatpartywasthebomb”ismorethanmerelysayin