第三章第三章碳碳双键的形成碳碳双键的形成第三章第三章碳碳双键的形成碳碳双键的形成Chapter3Chapter3FormationofCarbon-CarbonFormationofCarbon-CarbonDoubleBondsDoubleBonds1碳碳双键的形成碳碳双键的形成一、β-消除反应碳碳双键的形成碳碳双键的形成β二、顺式热解消除反应三、由炔烃制备烯烃四Wittig反应四、Wittig反应五、Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons反应六、烯烃的复分解反应七试剂七、Tebbe’s试剂(reagent)八、硒氧化物的分裂2八、硒氧化物的分裂(β-Eleminationreactions)一、β-消除反应(β)一、β-消除反应HX-HXCCCC-HXX=OH,Cl/Br/I,OCOR,OSO2Ar,NR3,SR2,OCSOR,OCSSRRegioselectivitySaytzeffruleX=-OH,-OCOR,卤素,-OSO2Ar,HofmannruleX=-N+R3,-S+R2SyneliminationStereoselectivityyAntieliminationSaytzeffeliminations3SteeoseectvtyHofmanneliminationsAntieliminationδ过渡态有部分过渡态有部分键性键性a)a)E2E2机理机理CCHBCCHBCCδ−过渡态有部分过渡态有部分ππ键性质键性质XCCXδ−CHBHBδ−X交叉式构象交叉式构象负电荷相距较远负电荷相距较远XXδ−E2E2消除消除为为反式共平面反式共平面消除消除(反式消除)(反式消除)负电荷相距较远负电荷相距较远AntiperiplanarAntiperiplanar4溶剂或碱诱导的卤代烃或烷基磺酸酯的消除反应溶剂或碱诱导的卤代烃或烷基磺酸酯的消除反应b)b)E1E1机理机理B:HHCCXCCCC酸摧化的醇脱水反应酸摧化的醇脱水反应c)E1cBc)E1cB机理机理B:B:CCHCCCCXX季铵盐的季铵盐的HfHf消除反应消除反应5季铵盐的季铵盐的HofmannHofmann消除反应消除反应消除反应方向消除反应方向¾E2反应Saytzeff规则CH3CH2CHCH3ClCH3CH2CHCH2CH3CHCHCH3EtOHKOH+81%19%81%¾E1cB反应Hofmann规则CH3CH2CH2CHCH3N(CH)OHCH3CH2CHCHCH3CH3CH2CH2CHCH2(CH3)3N+98%+△N(CH3)3OH98%2%6CHCHCHCHKOHHOδ−CH3CH2CHCH3ClCH3CH2CHCH2CH3CHCHCH3EtOH+81%19%OHCH3CHCHCH3CH3CHCHCH3HHOaabOHCH3CHCHCH2HHClδ−δ−CH3CH2CCH2HClCH3CH2CHCH2bClδ−CH3CH特例:反式共平面消除CCH2CH3HCH3CCCH3CH3Cl碱CCHCH3HCH3CCCH3CH3CCH2CH3H3CH3CCCH3CH2+781%19%CH3H3CCH3H3C3H3C消除反应的立体化学消除反应的立体化学PhPhPhH3CHBHβαPhCH3HBHβαorKOEtEtOHCH3CPhBrHPhBrHPhEtOHCHPhPhβHPhEtOPhPhHHPhEtOH3CHBrHPhβαPhH3CBrHCCH3CPhHPhPhCH3HPhBr8HCH(CH3)2ClHMeHHClHNaOEtHHMeHClHHHCH(CH3)2HHHHMeCH(CH3)2唯一慢MeHCH(CH3)2HHHNaOEtMeCH(CH3)2HHMeCH(CH3)2快+HClHCH(CH3)225%75%MeHHClHHNaOEtMeHCH(CH3)2HHOEt快HCl快9CH3CH2CHCH3N(CH3)3OHCH3CH2CHCH2CH3CHCHCH3(CH3)3N+△主+HN(CH3)3HH3CN(CH3)3HHN(CH3)3CH3HN(CH3)3HCH3HCH3HHCH3HHCH3HHCH2CH3较稳定较稳定特例:反式共平面消除CHCHNOHCH2CH2CH3CHCH2特例CH2CH3NCH2CH2+△CH2CH2CH321094%6%O2NNO2CH2CH2NCH3C2H5OHNO2O2NCH=CH2+CH3N(C2H5)2+H2ONO2C2H5NO223(25)22Hofmann类型的1,6-消除反应广泛用于各种环蕃化合物的合成:CH3CH3CH3CH2N(CH3)3OHCHCH3CH322CH3CH311反式共平面消除PhPhHMe3NPhHHNaOEtCCHPhPh快OHMeHPhMePhNMe3Mesyn快PhNMe3HHHPhNaOEtCCPhHPh慢OHMeHPhMePhNMe3CMeanti慢无法反式共平面消除时,也能顺式消除DHNMe3ΔOHH12HHH¾E1反应¾E1反应CH3HSOCH3CH3CH3CH2CCH3OHH2SO4CH3CHCCH3CH3CH2CCH23主要次要+ΔCH3HHCH3HSO4CHabCH3CH2CCH4OH3CCH2CH3CHCH3CH3CHCCH3CH3CH3CH2CCH2CH3ββ'−H2O+CH33CH3H2SO4ΔCH3CH313OH3重排β-消除反应还包括一类aldol产物的脱水OPhCHONaOHOOH-H2OO+CH3PhPhCHOEtOHPhPhPhPh+一锅合成“查尔酮”锅合成尔酮Mannich反应是一个非常重要的生成碳碳键的反应OR''NHOO△RR'HCHOR2NHRNR''2R'RR'+HClHCl△14二、顺式热解消除反应•黄原酸酯受热分解成烯烃:顺式消除CSSRCCHOCSCCHSSR+△HCH(CH3)2OH3CH(3)2HOCSCH3CH3CH(CH3)280%△S80%•硒氧化物受热分解成烯烃:顺式消除HSeORCCHO△15CCCCSe-R+Me•酯热分解成烯烃和羧酸:CCOHDOMeCPhCH400oCCPhHCHPhHCCPh61%OHOMePhD400oCCPhHCDHPhHCPhCDPh400oC74%OCOMe500oC47%16OCOMeO二级或三级碳原子的順式热解消除比较复杂,得混合产物OMe57%Me△MeMeMe+MeMe+28%15%57%28%15%环状化合物的順式消除HHHCO2EtHOCCHCO2EtOCCH3HOCO2EtCO2Et435oC435oCOCCH3OH酯热分解需要较高温度,相关的硫代碳酸酯或黄原酸酯可以在150~250oC进行消除从而避免烯烃的进步分解MeCO2EtHMeCO2EtHo进行消除,从而避免烯烃的进一步分解。OOMeOHOOMeH200oC94%17OSMeS•Cope消除反应顺式(同侧)消除具有β-氢的氧化叔胺加热时发生消除反应,产生烯烃。HCH2N(CH3)2H2O2HCH2N(CH3)2OCH2+(CH3)2OH160℃ormCPBA98%N,N-二甲基环己基甲胺-N-氧化物ormCPBACope消除反应是一种立体选择性很高的顺式(同侧)消除反应。反应是通过形成平面五元环的过程完成的。OCCHN(CH3)2CCN(CH3)2HO+18HCH(CH3)2H100-180oCHHMeHNMe2HHO0080CHMeCH2(CH3)2MeCH2(CH3)265:3585%+MeHCH(CH3)2HHNaOEtMeCH2(CH3)2HH快HNMe2HO唯一具有β-氢的亚砜在加热条件下发生順式消除反应,产生烯烃。CMeHCPhPhPhCMeCPh80oCCPhHSPhOPhCH19三、由炔烃制备烯烃炔烃的还原ReductionofAlkynesSemi-Hydrogenationyg(1)Lindlar’催化剂(Lindlar’catalyst)Lindlar催化剂催化剂:Pd-CaCO3/喹啉喹啉;Pd-BaSO4/喹啉喹啉H2RR'Pd/CaCO3/喹啉CCRR'CCHHH2Pd/BaSO4/喹啉((LindlarLindlar催化剂)催化剂)主要产物主要产物顺式顺式20((催化剂)催化剂)天然的含叁键的硬脂炔酸,在Lindlar’s催化剂作用下,可天然的含键的硬脂炔酸,在催化剂作用下,可生成顺式油酸(与天然的完全相同)。CH3(CH2)7CC(CH2)7COOHH2CH3(CH2)7CC(CH2)7COOHHHLindlar催化剂十八炔酸EtOAc油酸(順式)95%9-十八炔酸21(2)铑催化Rhodiumcatalyst(homogeneous)顺式顺式22(3)硼氢化Hydroboration新的合成方法(3)硼氢化Hydroboration新的合成方法B2H6HBH22XCCRRHBAcOHHH乙硼烷羧酸炔烃順式烯烃CCRRCCRRCCRRCCRR30oC顺式顺式B2H6AcOHHH顺式顺式通过硼氢化和质子分解可以还原炔烃得到Z-烯烃。68%98%cisOBOHHOR2BRRHR2BOCOR'+OCOR'邻苯二酚基硼烷烯基硼烷的活性较高利用羧酸发生质子分解反应烯烃的构型得到保持23烯基硼烷的活性较高,利用羧酸发生质子分解反应,烯烃的构型得到保持。MeMeMeCHCOH2EtEtEtEtMeCCEtEtCH3CO2H25oCBH2CCEtHB(C5H11)2CCEtHH99%Z82%99%ZCCC4H9H(C6H11)2BHCCC4H9HI2,NaOHCCC4H9C6H11C4H9IHB(C6H11)2HHH99%Z反式消除XCCC4H9HHBIC6H11CHCCC4H9HHBIC6H11XC6H11CCCHCH(C2H5)2BHCCCH3CH3I2,NaOMeCCC2H5CH3在碱(如NaOHorCHONa)存在下用碘处理中间体烯基硼烷可以立体选择性地CCCH3CH3CCHB(C2H5)2CCHCH3-78oC24在碱(如NaOHorCH3ONa)存在下,用碘处理中间体烯基硼烷,可以立体选择性地生成z-烯烃。硼原子上一个烷基转移到相邻碳原子的过程是立体专一的,在反式消除硼和碘后,得到是原炔烃上两个取代基处于反式关系的新的烯烃。OBOHH2OC6H13HNaOHIC6H13HCCHC6H13OH2OCCHB(OH)2NaOHI2CCHI99%E80%CCHC6H13OBOHH2OCCC6H13HBr2NaOHCCC6H13BrHB(OH)2HH99%Z85%(4)HydroaluminationwithDIBAL:(iBu)2AlH(二异丁基氢化铝)(4)HydroaluminationwithDIBAL:(iBu)2AlH(二异丁基氢化铝)CCRR(i-Bu)2AlHCCHAl(i-Bu)2H2OCCHHCCRRCCRRCCRRcis(DIBAL)CHHCCHC4H9(i-Bu)2AlHCCC4H9HHAl(iBu)2I2,THFH3OCCC4H9HHI25HAl(i-Bu)2HI74%CCCH3CH3Li[(i-Bu)2Al(H)Me]CCHCH3CO2H3OCCHCH3H3CAl(i-Bu)2H3CLiH3CCOOH72%反式加成CCCH3CH31)(i-Bu)2AlH2)MeLi,Et2OCCH3CCH3HAl(i-Bu)2CO2H3OCCH3CCH3HCOOH30oCHAl(i-Bu)2H3CLiHCOOH76%-30Cα,β-不饱和酸(5)LiAlH4顺式加成α-甲基巴豆酸CCRCHLiAlH4CCRHI2,-78oCCCRH(5)LiAlH4α-甲基巴豆酸CCRCH2OHCCAlONaOMe,THFCCIOH反式加成CCRCH2LiAlH4I2,-78oCCCRI反式加成26OHAlCl3,THFHOH(6)R3SiH/催化剂CHC4H9CCHC4H9Et3SiHC4H9Et3SiC4H9SiEt3[H2PtCl6]100%+82:18100%82:18C