搜索
Allegoryisataleinverseorproseinwhichcharacters,actions,orsettingsrepresentabstractideasormoralqualities.Thus,anallegoryisastorywithtwomeaning,aliteralmeaningandasymbolicmeaning.Bildungsroman:anovelthattracestheinitiation,development,andeducationofayoungperson.ExamplesareDickens’sDavidCopperfieldandJamesJoyce’sPortraitoftheArtistasaYoungMan.Byronicheroisacharacter-typefoundinByron’snarrativeChildeHarold’sPilgrimage.Heisaboldlydefiantbutbitterlyself-tormentingoutcast,proudlycontemptuousofsocialnormsbutsufferingforsomeunnamedsin.EmilyBronte’sHeathcliffisalaterexample.Conceit:akindofmetaphorthatmakesacomparisonbetweentwostartlinglydifferentthings.Aconceitusuallyprovidestheframeworkforanentirepoem.Anespeciallyunusualandintellectualkindofconceitisthemetaphysicalconceit,usedbycertain17th-centurypoets,suchasJohnDonne..Comedyofmannersisakindofcomedyrepresentingthecomplexandsophisticatedcodeofbehaviorcurrentinfashionablecirclesofsociety,whereappearancescountformorethantruemoralcharacter.Itshumorrelieschieflyonelegantverbalwitandrepartee.InEngland,thecomedyofmannersflourishedasthedominantformofRestorationcomedyintheworksofEtheredge,WycherleyandCongreve.Itwasrevivedinamoresubduedforminthe1770sbyGoldsmithandSheridan,andlaterbyOscarWilde.Anepicisalongnarrativepoeminelevatedordignifiedlanguage,typicallyonederivedfromancientoraltradition,narratingandcelebratingthedeedsandadventuresofheroicorlegendaryfiguresorthepasthistoryofanation.Epiphany(顿悟）:asuddenrevelationoftruthaboutlifeinspiredbyaseeminglytrivialincidentHeroiccoupletistherhymedcoupletofiambicpentameter.Intrusivenarrator:anomniscientnarratorwho,inadditiontoreportingtheeventsofanovel’sstory,offersfurthercommentsoncharactersandevents,andwhosometimesreflectsmoregenerallyuponthesignificanceofthestory.Iambicpentameter:apoeticlineconsistingoffiveversefeet,witheachfootanunstressedsyllablefollowedbyastressedsyllable.IambicpentameteristhemostcommonverselineinEnglishpoetry.Metaphysicalpoetry:thepoetryofJohnDonneandother17th-centurypoetswhowroteinasimilarstyle.Itischaracterizedbyverbalwitandexcess,ingeniousstructure,irregularmeter,colloquiallanguage,elaborateimagery,andadrawingtogetherofdissimilarideas.MetaphysicalPoetryMetaphysicalPoetryiscommonlyusedtonametheworkofthe17thcenturywriterswhowroteundertheinfluenceofJohnDonne.Witharebelliousspirit,themetaphysicalpoetstrytobreakawayfromtheconventionalfashionoftheElizabethanlovepoetry.Theyarecharacterizedbymysticismincontentandfantasticalityinform.JohnDonneistheleadingfigureofthe“metaphysicalschool.”Naturalism:apost--Darwinianmovementofthelate19thcenturythattriedtoapplythelawsofscientificdeterminismtofiction.Thenaturalistswentbeyondtherealists’insistenceontheobjectivepresentationofthedetailsofeverydaylifetoinsistthatthematerialsofliteratureshouldbearrangedtoreflectadeterministicuniverseinwhichapersonisabiologicalcreaturecontrolledbyenvironmentandheredity.Omniscientnarratorisathird-personnarrator,whoisnotacharacterinthestory.Thenarratoris“all-knowing”,whocandescribeandcommentonallthecharactersandactionsinthestory.Pre-RomanticismInthelatterhalfofthe18thcentury,anewliterarymovementaroseinEurope,calledtheRomanticRevival.ItwasmarkedbyastrongprotestagainstthebondageofClassicism,byarecognitionoftheclaimsofpassionandemotion,andbyarenewedinterestinmedievalliterature.InEngland,thismovementshoweditselfinthetrendofPre-Romanticisminpoetry.ThesonnetisoneofthepoeticformsthatcanbefoundinlyricpoetryoriginatingfromItaly,anditoriginallymeans“littlesong”.Bythe13thcentury,ithadcometosignifyapoemoffourteenlinesthatfollowsastrictrhymeschemeandspecificstructure.Sonnetisaverseformoffourteenlines,inEnglishcharacteristicallyiniambicpentameterandmostofteninoneofthetworhymeschemes:theItalian(orPetrarchan)orShakespearean(orEnglish).WilliamBlakeandRobertBurnsaretherepresentatives.LyricalBalladsbyWordsworthandColeridgewaspublishedin1798,andSirWalterScottdiedin1832.TheessenceoftheRomanticMovementistheglorificationofinstinctandemotion,adeepvenerationofnature,andaflamingzealtoremaketheworld.Intheearly16thcentury,sonnetswereintroducedintoEnglandbyThomasWyattEnglishRenaissanceItsprangfirstinItalyinthe14thcenturyandgraduallyspreadalloverEurope.ItmadeitsappearanceinEnglandinthe16thand17thcenturies.ItmeanstherebirthofGreekandRomanculture.Twofeaturesarestrikingofthismovement.Theoneisathirstingcuriosityfortheclassicalliterature.Anotheroneisthekeeninterestintheactivitiesofhumanity.Humanismisthekey-noteofRenaissance.ThomasMore,ChristopherMarloweandWilliamShakespearearethebestrepresentativesoftheEnglishRenaissance.EnglishEnlightenmentThe18thcenturymarkedthebeginningofanintellectualmovementinEurope,knownastheEnlightenment,whichwas,onthewhole,anexpressionofstruggleofthebourgeoisieagainstfeudalism.Theenlightenersfoughtagainstclassinequality,stagnation,prejudicesandothersurvivalsoffeudalism.Theyattempttoplaceallbranchesofscienceattheserviceofmankindbyconnectingthemwiththeactualneedsandrequirementsofpeople.EnglishenlightenersdifferedinsomewayfromthoseofFrance“clearedthemindsofmenf