The-Education-Act

TwoImportantEducationReforminBritainThe1944EducationActThe1988EducationActTheEducationAct1944changedtheeducationsystemforsecondaryschoolsinEnglandandWales.ThisAct,commonlynamedaftertheConservativepoliticianR.A.Butler（巴特勒教育法）,introducedtheTripartiteSystemofsecondaryeducationandmadesecondaryeducationfreeforallpupils.Thetripartitesystemconsistedofthreedifferenttypesofsecondaryschoolgrammarschools,(文法学校）secondarytechnicalschools（技术学校）andsecondarymodernschools（现代中学）.Itallowedforcomprehensiveschoolswhichwouldcombinethesestrands,butinitiallyonlyafewwerefounded.Italsocreatedasystemofdirectgrantschools（直接补助学校）,underwhichanumberofindependentschoolsreceivedadirectgrantfromtheMinistryofEducation.Toassesswhichpupilsshouldattendwhichschool,theytookanexamknownasthe11plusElevenplusGrammerschool(forhighmarks)secondarytechnicalschool(forthosewhofailtogethighmarks)secondarymodernschoolThisisthefirstattempttotrytocreatealesselitistschoolsystem.Buttheresultisnotgood.Workingclasschildrenstillleftschoolatayoungerageandwithfewerqualificationsthanmiddleclasschildren.Becausemiddleclasschildrenhavemoretimeandaccesstogetlearn-trainingthanthem.Inordertosolvetheproblem,thecentralgovernmentcontinuedtoexperimentwithpoliciestotrytoraisethequalityofeducationstoallpupils.Thenthecomprehensiveschoolisappearedinthe1960s.Acomprehensiveschoolisastateschoolthatdoesnotselectitsintakeonthebasisofacademicachievementoraptitude.Thisisincontrasttotheselectiveschoolsystem.Nowadays,about90%ofBritishpupilsattendcomprehensiveschools.Thenisthe1988Actwhichmakestheeducationsystemmorereasonable.TheEducationReformActof1988iswidelyregardedasthemostimportantsinglepieceofeducationlegislationsincethe'Butler'EducationAct1944.(ItalsoformsthebasisfortheUnitedStates'NoChildLeftBehindActof2001.ThemainprovisionsoftheEducationReformActareasfollows:Ⅰ、GrantMaintainedSchools(GMS)wereintroduced.Primaryandsecondaryschoolscould,removethemselvesfullyfromtheirrespectiveLocalEducationAuthoritiesandwouldbecompletelyfundedbycentralgovernment.Ⅱ、Localmanagementofschools(LMS)wasintroduced.ThispartoftheActallowedallschoolstobetakenoutofthedirectfinancialcontrolofLocalAuthorities.Financialcontrolwouldbehandedtotheheadteacherandgovernorsofaschool.Ⅲ、TheNationalCurriculum(NC)wasintroduced.Ⅳ、‘KeyStages’(KS)wereintroducedinschools.Ateachkeystageanumberofeducationalobjectivesweretobeachieved.Ⅴ、Anelementofchoicewasintroduced,whereparentscouldspecifywhichschoolwastheirpreferredchoice.Ⅵ、Leaguetables,publishingtheexaminationresultsofschools,wereintroduced.Ⅶ、Controlsontheuseoftheword'degree'wereintroducedwithrespecttoUKbodies.1988年教育改革法的主要规定包括：1.引进直接拨款公立学校（Grant-maintainedschool，GMS）。中小学可以摆脱各自地方政府的影响，直接得到中央政府的完全资助。2.引进地方学校管理（LocalManagementofSchools，LMS）。法案允许所有学校脱离地方政府直接的财政控制，财政权交给校长3.引进国家课程（NationalCurriculum，NC）。4.在学校引进“关键阶段”（KeyStage，KS）。在每个关键阶段必须达到规定的教育目标。5.引进选择要素（elementofchoice），父母可指定哪所学校是其首选目标。6.引进成绩名次表，发布考试成绩。The1988Actmakeseducationmorecommercial,Goodschoolsattractgoodpupilsandthereforeattractmorefunding.Morefundingmeanstheycanhirebetterteachers,buymorebooksandthereforeproduceevenbetterpupils.Inaconclusion,thetwoeducationreformsmakeagreatcontributiontoBritain’seducationsystem.Thankyou!