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UnitSevenHowtoGetthePooroffOurConscienceContentⅠ.Lead-inⅡ.AuthorⅢ.WorksⅣ.BackgroundinformationⅤ.NotesⅥ.Feature——IronyPartⅠLead-in•Nopains,nogains.•Whatcanbegotwithoutpains?•Nothingtobegotwithoutpainsbutpoverty.•只有贫穷是可以不劳而获的东西。Questionsandanswer•1.Whichcontinentisthepoorestoneintheworld?------Africa•2.Whichcountryisthepoorestone?------Ethiopia•3.Whoisthepoorestpersonintheworld?------?•加快老区脱贫致富步伐，必须真抓实干，贯彻精准扶贫要求，做到目标明确、任务明确、责任明确、举措明确，精准发力，扶真贫、真扶贫，把钱真正用到刀刃上，真正发挥拔穷根的作用。•——《在陕甘宁革命老区脱贫致富座谈会上的讲话》（2015年2月13日）PartⅡAuthor•JohnKenneth[ˈkenɪθ]Galbraith[ˈgælˌbreɪθ](1908-2006)wasaCanadian-American‘smostfamouseconomistandleadingproponentof20thcenturyAmericanliberalism.Hisbooksoneconomictopicswerebestsellersfromthe1950sthroughthe2000s,duringwhichtimehefulfilledtheroleofpublicintellectual.HewasaProfessorofeconomicsatHarvardUniversityandprolific[prəˈlɪfɪk]（productive）author.JohnKennethGalbraiththeLastAmericanInstitutionalist最后的美国制度主义者APUBLICINTELLECTUAL•JohnKennethGalbraithwasbornonafarmnearIona(伊奥尼亚）Station,Canadain1908.•YoungJohnfirststudiedagricultureatOntario[ɒnˈteərɪəʊ]AgriculturalCollege（安大略农学院）whichwasanassociateagriculturalcollegeoftheUniversityofTorontoatthetime.Buthesoonfoundeconomicsmoreinteresting.•In1934,healsobecameatutoratHarvardUniversity.•In1937,hetookayear-longfellowshipattheUniversityofCambridge.•In1949,hewasanappointedprofessorofeconomicsatHarvard.•From1961to1963,hewasappointedUnitedStatesAmbassadortoIndiaPartⅢWorks•HisfamousworkswasAmericanCapitalism,TheAffluentSociety,andTheNewIndustrialState.HewasactiveinDemocraticPartypolitics,servingintheadministrationofFranklinD.Roosevelt[ˈrəʊzəvɛlt],HarryS.Truman[ˈtrumən],JohnF.Kennedy,andLyndonB.Johnson.GalbraithreceivedtheMedalofFreedomandthePresidentMedalofFreedomforhispublicserviceandcontributiontoscience.Aproductivewriter多产作家In1944,AShortHistoryofFinancialEuphoria[juːˈfɔːriə]In1952,AmericanCapitalism:TheConceptofCountervailingPowerIn1954,TheGreatCrash,1929In1958,TheAffluentSociety*TheAffluentSocietyisa1958(4theditionrevised1984)bookbyHarvardeconomistJohnKennethGalbraith.Thebooksoughttoclearlyoutlinethemannerinwhichthepost–WorldWarIIUnitedStateswasbecomingwealthyintheprivatesectorbutremainedpoorinthepublicsector,lackingsocialandphysicalinfrastructure,andperpetuatingincomedisparities.In1967,TheNewIndustrialState*In1973,EconomicsandthePublicPurposeATenuredProfessor(1990)isasatiricalnovelbyCanadian/AmericaneconomistandProfessorEmeritusatHarvard,JohnKennethGalbraith,aboutaliberaluniversityteacherwhosetsouttochangeAmericansocietybymakingmoneyandthenusingitforthepublicgood.•In2004,TheEconomicsofInnocentFraudPARTⅣBACKGROUNDINFORMATION美国贫富差距的现状及其原因•70年代以来美国的贫富状况•（1）对20％收入最高者和20％收入最低者的平均收入进行比较，两者的差距在1974年是7.5倍，1992年扩大到了10.2倍。（2）1977～1992，最穷的20％的人的税后收入绝对下降了12％，而最富的1％的人的税后收入却增长了136％。（3）《美国住户、家庭与个人收入》中描述的美国家庭收入基尼系数的变化趋势为：1970年为0.394，1980年为0.403，1990年为0.428（注：国际上通常用基尼系数测量贫富差距程度，基尼系数的变大表示贫富差距继续加大）（4）据美国最新的统计结果，1992年最富有的1％的家庭拥有美国全部财富的42％，而在1989年为39％，三三制现象。（5）收入分配不均的扩大带来了贫困化的发展。贫富差距扩大的原因•根本原因：资本主义榨取剩余劳动价值的本性。•在经济上，科学技术的发展、产业结构的转换、资本积累的加剧以及美国的经济形势和经济政策是影响收入分配状况的重要因素。•在美国，种族歧视、单亲家庭增多和非婚生子女人数的上升等社会问题也对贫富差距的扩大有重要影响。PartⅤNotes•1.Plutarch(普鲁塔克)(para2,line2):Plutarch(c.AD46-120)wastheseniorpriest[priːst]oftheTempleofApolloatDelphi[ˈdɛlfi],siteofthefamousDelphicOracle[ˈɒrəkl].PlutarchwasalsoanotedGreekhistorianwhowroteaboutfamousGreekandRomanpoliticiansandmilitaryleadersinabooktitledParallelLives（《希腊罗马名人传》）,andknownasPlutarch'sLives.Throughhiswritingsandlectures,PlutarchbecameacelebrityintheRomanEmpire;hewasvisitedathiscountryestate[ɪˈsteɪt]byguestsfromallovertheempireforseriousconversation,overwhichhepresided.Manyofthesedialogueswererecordedandpublished,andthe78essaysandotherworkswhichhavesurvivedarenowknowncollectivelyastheMoralia（《道德论集》）.ThatandPlutarch'sLivesarehisbest-knownworks.•普鲁塔克46-120A.D•用希腊文写作的罗马传记文学家、散文家、以及柏拉图学派的知识分子.•传世之作为《希腊罗马名人传》（ParallelLives）和《掌故清谈录》（Moralia）•2.AdamSmith(亚当斯密)(Para.4):AdamSmith(1723-1790)wasaScottishmoralphilosopherandeconomistfamousforthebookAnInquiry[ɪnˈkwaɪəri]intotheNatureandCausesoftheWealthofNations（《国富论》）(1776),whichisgenerallyrecognizedasthefoundationworkofclassicaleconomics.Inthisbook,Smithadvocatedthetheoryofthedivisionoflaborandassertedthatinalaissez-faire[ˌleseɪˈfeə(r)]economy(自由放任经济)theimpulseofself-interestwouldbringaboutthepublicwelfare.TheWealthofNationsbyAdamSmith(para4,lines2and4)TheWealthofNation(国富论）•ItissymbolicthatAdamSmith’smasterpieceofeconomicanalysis.•Itwasfirstpublishedin1776,thesameyearastheDeclarationofIndependence.•Hearguedinfavoroffreetradeandthemosteloquent[ˈeləkwənt]--integrateddescriptionoftheworkingsofamarketeconomy.•Itcontinuestoinfluenceoureconomyrightuptothepresentday.AdamSmith•AScottishsocialphilosopherandapioneerofpoliticaleconomy.•OneofthekeyfiguresoftheScottishEnlightenment.•SmithrejectedChristianityandhewastreatedasadeist自然神论信仰者inScotland.•Hispublishedworks:TheTheoryofMoralSentiments(1759),TheWealthofNations(1776),ATreatiseonPublicOpulence(1764),EssaysonPhilosophicalSubjects(1795).•3.JeremyBentham（杰里米·