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112345CCl41.1nmol2NA0.012kg12CNA6.021023mol-12.M1g/mol1mol1mol12C1212g12C1mol12C12g1mol3.nANNnMm1.1mol1mol1mol2.()1mol1molH2O1mol1molNaCl()3.6.021023mol-111.2.Vm3.L/molLmol-14.22.4L/mol5.nVVm(V0)1mol22.4L22.4L22.4L0101.325kPa1mol22.4L22.4L1mol1molH2O(g)22.4L1mol22.4L1mol0101kPa273202kPa22.4L21.T1=T2P1=P2V1=V2n1=n22.PV==nRTm1/m2=M1/M2=1/2(pnMmVT)1.m()n()M()()(nm2.M()M1n1%M2n2%M1V1%M2V2%3.M()22.4()4.AAMM()()()(A1.1LB.cBmolL-12.cB=Vn(nBmolVL)1.molLmol-12.NH3NH32ONH3SO3H2SO4NaNa2ONa2O2NaOHCuSO45H2OCuSO43.cc=gmL-11000mL-1/Mgmol-11.123452-361-2cm72.c=n/V=m/MVmVc1.cB=n(mol)/V(L)=[m(g)/M(gmol1)]/V(L)mc()V()=c()V()V()()()c=[gmL-1V(mL)/Mgmol-1]/V(mL)V(mL)3480mL1moL-1NaOHNaOH20.0g19.2g500mL500mL480mL2.NaOH3.234.1.2.(1)(2)(3)3.1.2.16O18O12C14CO2O3[](C)Si,NaClKClO3SP4,1H2X2O2O3N2P4SC60HXH2ONH3H2SSO2CO2SO3P2O5N2O5HClO4HClOH2SO4H3PO4H2SiO3NON2O4Al2Cl6234OH-NO2-Cl-CH3+-OH-NO2-Cl-CH341.1234(11)1211(12)(13)(14)2.------------FeAlFeAl----()--H-NO2-SO31.1.12ZnSn2.2.Na2O2Mn2O7CrO3SiO2Na2OAl2O3NO5(KNO3)(NaCl)(Ca(OH)2)S/gT/HOPOHHO1.H2SO3SO2HNO32O5(CH3CO)2COHMnO4Mn2O7H2CrO4CrO3SiO22.3.O23.(1)H+H3PO32-OH2H+CH3COOH4H-COOH(2)H3PO4Na3PO4NaH2PO4Na2HPO4H3PO3Na2HPO3NaH2PO31.2.:=+NaClNH3I23.NH4NO34.1.(1)100g100g(g)(2)S()=)(100gmm100100SmmSm(3)2.1.01105Pa13.a%=%100//gg61.1nm100nm2.Fe(OH)3Fe(OH)33.Fe(OH)3a.b.c.1..NaClBa(OH)2CH3COOHCH3CH2OHC12H22O112.,HnA=nH++An-,HnAH++HA(n-1)-HA(n-1)-H++H2A(n-2)-HClH2SO4HNO3HClO4HBrHIKOHNaOHBa(OH)2.BaSO4BaCl2.CH3COOHHCNH2SH2CO3NH3H2OCu(OH)2.H2O(CH3COO)2Pb.71.SO2SO3H2SO3H2SO4Na2ONaOHNa2O2.3.1.2.3.1Cl2Na2OCl-Na+O2-BaSO4Ba2+SO42-NaHCO3Na+HCO3-NaHSO4Na+,H+,SO42-NH32NH4Cl+Ca(OH)2=CaCl2+2NH3+2H2OH2SO4H3PO4HClHNO3CuH2SO4Cu+2H2SO4=CuSO4+SO2+2H2O2CuSO4BaCl2CuSO4+BaCl2==CuCl2+BaSO4Cu2++SO42-+Ba2++2Cl-=Cu2++2Cl-+BaSO4Ba2++SO42-=BaSO41Fe3++Cu=Cu2++Fe2+Na+H2O=Na++OH-+H22Na2OO2-+H2O=2OH-CO32-+2H+=CO2+H2OCH3COONH4+OH-=CH3COO-+NH3+H2OCH3CHO+2[Ag(NH3)2]OHCH3COO-+NH4++2Ag+3NH3+H2O3HCl2Fe+6H+=2Fe3++3H2HNO32Al+6H+=2Al3++3H24HClCuSO2CH4NH35FeCl3Fe3++3H2O=Fe(OH)3+3H+Na2CO3CO32-+H2O=HCO3-+OH-6Na2SS2-+2H2OH2S+2OH-H2SH2S2H++S2-7CuSO4Ba(OH)2Ba2++SO42-=BaSO48Ba(OH)2H2SO4Ba2++H++OH-+SO42-=BaSO4+H2OAl2(SO4)32Al3++6NH3H2O=2Al(OH)3+6NH4+1.Ba2+CO32-Ag+Br-Ca2+SO42-NH4+OH-H+CO32-HCO3-S2-HS-SO32-HSO3-H+CH3COO-CO32-S2-SO32-OH-NH4+H+OH-(Fe3+NO3-ClO-MnO4-(H+))(S2-I-Fe2+SO32-)2.Cu2+Fe3+Fe2+MnO4-OH-Fe3+Fe2+HCO3-NH4+Al3+H+,HCO3-CO32-S2-CH3COO-AlO2-84FeS2+11O2=2Fe2O3+8SO2Fe2O3SO2(1)(X2)O2S(2)Fe3+Cu2+(3)MnO2H2SO4HNO3KMnO4(4)Na2O2H2O2KNaZnFeH2CSiCOSO2H2SNa2SO3FeSO4[]1.:2.:4.:Mn02+4HCl()MnCl2+C12+2H202KMn04+16HCl()=2MnCl2+5C12+8H2O()KMn04Mn0293.:5.::2Na2SO3+O2=2Na2SO42H2SO3+O2=2H2SO4:Na2SO4H2SO3SO26.:22CuClClCuSCuSCu22:SCl2:OH2SOBrSOHHBr2222)(42OH4SHI4SOHHI8222)(42:HBrHI7.8.:Cl-OH-:OHCl9.(1)NaMgA1(2)LiNaKRbCs3FClBrI10.:Fe3+Fe2+Fe,S(+6)S(+4):H2SSSO2HClO4HClO34HClO24HClOHNO3HNO3CuH2SO4KMnO4222OOClClFF1.2.+7-1+40KMnO4+HCl---KCl+MnCl2+Cl2+H2O11+7-1+40KMnO4+2HCl--KCl+MnCl2+Cl2+H2O5KMnO4+2HCl--KCl+MnCl2+Cl2+H2O2322SO2OSO2102KMnO4+10HCl--KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+H2O2KMnO4+16HCl==2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O2e-2xe--10-100-12KBr+Cl2====Br2+2KCl2KBr+Cl2====Br2+2KCl2xe-122Na+2H2O=2NaOH+H22Na+2H2O=2Na++2OH-+H24Na+O2==2Na2O2Na+O2Na2O23Na2O+H2O==2NaOHNa2O+CO2=Na2CO32Na2O2+2H2O=4NaOH+O2H2Na2O2+2CO2=2Na2CO3+O2CONa2CO3NaHCO32NaHCO3Na2CO3+H2O+CO2Na2CO3+2HCl==2NaCl+H2O+CO2Na2CO3NaHCO3+HCl==NaCl+H2O+CO2NaOHNaHCO3+NaOH==Na2CO3+H2ONa2CO3NaHCO3Na2CO3NaHCO3NaOH11Al2O31270g/cm324Al+3O2====2Al2O32Al+6HCl==2AlCl3+3H22Al+3H2SO4==Al2SO43+3H22Al+2NaOH+2H2O===2NaAlO2+3H22Al+Fe2O32Fe+Al2O3,1Al2O3Al2O3+3H2SO4==Al2(SO4)3+3H2OAl2O3+6H+==2Al3++3H2OAl2O3+2NaOH==2NaAlO2+H2OAl2O3+2OH-==2AlO2-+H2O2Al(OH)3AlOH3+3HCl==AlCl3+3H2O:Al(OH)3+3H+==Al3++3H2OAl(OH)3+NaOH==NaAlO2+2H2O:Al(OH)3+OH-==AlO2-+2H2O2Al(OH)3Al2O3+3H2OAl(OH)3AlCl3+3(NH3H2O)==Al(OH)3+3NH4ClAl3++3(NH3H2O)==Al(OH)3+3NH4+3[KAl(SO4)212H2O]Al3++3H2O==Al(OH)3+3H+/NaOHHClAlCl3Al(OH)3Al2O3AlHClNaOHCO2O2NaOHHClNaAlO212Fe23(SH+Cu2+I2)2+2(Cl2Br2HNO3)3+3+3+2FeFe2+Fe3+11Fe2+NO3MnO4ClOOHCO32HCO3S2SO322Fe3+IS2SO32OHCO32HCO3AlO2SCN21FeCl2FeCl32FeCl3FeCl2Cl2H2O22Fe2++H2O2+2H+2Fe3++2H2O31Fe3O4+4CO3Fe+4CO22FeSO4+2NaOHFe(OH)2+Na2SO4Fe(OH)2Fe3+FeOH2[]Fe(OH)2O212Ag2HNO3()AgNO3NO2H2O3Ag4HNO3()3AgNO3NO2H2Oa2CuO22CuO2CuSCu2SCuCl2CuCl2bCu2H2SO4()CuSO4SO22H2OCu4HNO3()Cu(NO3)2+2NO2+2H2OcCu2FeCl3CuCl22FeCl2d2CuO2H2OCO2Cu2(OH)2CO33CuOCu2OCu2SCuSO4CuSO45H2O13Cu2(OH)2CO3Cu(OH)21+2+4+4+212+2COFe2O3CuO3+4CO2COPbO22COCO21CO(CO2)2CO2(CO)CuO3CO2(O2)4CO2(SO2)NaHCO3KMnO45CO2(HCl)NaHCO36CO2(H2S)CuSO41Na2CO3NaHCO3ACaCO3Ca(HCO3)22(NH4)2CO33Ca(HCO3)2NaOHCa(HCO3)2+NaOHCaCO3+NaHCO3+H2ONaOHCa(HCO3)2+2NaOHCaCO3+Na2CO3+2H2ONaOH4CO32HCO31CO32CaCl2CO322HCO3Ca2+Ba2+HCO3[]CO32CaCl2Ca(NO3)2BaCl2Ba(NO3)2Ca(OH)2Ba(OH)2HCO3HCO3Ca2+Ba2+Ca(OH)2Ba(OH)2OHHCO3CO32HSO31SiCCSi2CSiO2Si2CO2H2SiH2Si2Na2OHH2ONa2SiO32H23SiHFSi+4HFSiF4+H24Si5SiO2H2SiO3H2SiO36SiO27SiO2HFSiO24HFSiF4H2O8H2SiO39Na2SiO3CO2Na2SiO314+CO2+H2ONa2CO3+H2SiO32Na2CO3+SiO2Na2SiO3+CO210Na2SiO31()-Na2CO3+SiO2Na2SiO3+CO2CaCO3+SiO2CaSiO3+CO23CaOSiO22CaOSiO23CaOAl2O3Na2SiO3CaSiO3SiO22Si3N4)Al2O3(SiO2)[]aMxOybSiO2cH2O3CaOSiO23CaOAl2O3Al2O