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PeterNewmark•1.philosophicalfoundation•2.theoreticaldevelopment•3.distinctionbetweenNewmarkandNida•the8translationmethods•References•DataanalysisTableofcontents1.ThephilosophicalfoundationofNewmark’sthinkingontranslation•Philosophyisafundamentalissueintranslationtheory.(Newmark,1981:6).•TheAmericanphilosopherC.S.Peirce,thefounderofsemiotics,forcommunicativetranslation•Themeaningofasignconsistsofalltheeffectsthatmayconceivablyhavepracticalbearingsonaparticularinterpretant,andwhichwillvaryinaccordancewiththeinterpretant.(Newmark,1981:5)•theBritishphilosopherJ.Austin’sdistinctionbetweenconstativeandperformativesentences•Translationisacraftconsistingintheattempttoreplaceawrittenmessageand/orstatementinonelanguagebythesamemessageand/orstatementinanotherlanguage.(Newmark,1981:7)•OneofthebasicdifferencesbetweenS-TandC-Tisonconstativeandperformative.(Newmark,1981:23)2.Newmark’stheoreticaldevelopment•SLbiasTLbiasliteralfreefaithfulidiomaticsemantic/communicative(Newmark,1981:39)•SLemphasisTLemphasisword-for-wordadaptationliteralfreefaithfulidiomaticsemantic/communicative(Newmark,1988:45)The8translationmethods•Word-for-wordtranslation•Thisisoftendemonstratedasinterlineartranslation,withtheTLimmediatelybelowtheSLwords.TheSLword-orderispreservedandthewordstranslatedsinglybytheirmostcommonmeaning,outofcontext.Culturalwordsaretranslatedliterally.Themainuseofaword-for-wordtranslationiseithertounderstandthemechanicsofthesourcelanguageortoconstrueadifficulttextasapre-translationprocess.•Literaltranslation•TheSLgrammaticalconstructionsareconvertedtotheirnearestTLequivalentsbutthelexicalwordsareagaintranslatedsingly,outofcontext.Asapre-translationprocess,thisindicatestheproblemstobesolved.•Faithfultranslation•AfaithfultranslationattemptstoreproducetheprecisecontextualmeaningoftheoriginalwithintheconstraintsoftheTLgrammaticalstructures.It‘transfers’culturalwordsandpreservesthedegreeofgrammaticalandlexical‘abnormality’(deviationfromSLnorms)inthetranslation.Itattemptstobecompletelyfaithfultotheintentionsandthetext-realizationoftheSLwriter.•Semantictranslation•Semantictranslationdiffersfrom‘faithfultranslation’onlyinasfarasitmusttakemoreaccountoftheaestheticvalue(thatis,thebeautifulandnaturalsound)oftheSLtext,compromisingon‘meaning’whereappropriatesothatnoassonance,word-playorrepetitionjarsinthefinishedversion.Further,itmaytranslatelessimportantculturalwordsbyculturallyneutralthirdorfunctionaltermsbutnotbyculturalequivalentanditmaymakeothersmallconcessionstothereadership.Thedistinctionbetween‘faithful’and‘semantic’translationisthatthefirstisuncompromisinganddogmatic,whilethesecondismoreflexible,admitsthecreativeexceptionto100%fidelityandallowsforthetranslator’sintuitiveempathywiththeoriginal.•Adaptation•Thisisthe‘freeest’formoftranslation.Itisusedmainlyforplays(comedies)andpoetry;thethemes,characters,plotsareusuallypreserved,theSLcultureconvertedtotheTLcultureandthetextrewritten.Thedeplorablepracticeofhavingaplayorpoemliterallytranslatedandthenrewrittenbyanestablisheddramatistorpoethasproducedmanypooradaptations,butotheradaptationshave‘rescued’periodplays.•Freetranslation•Freetranslationreproducesthematterwithoutthemanner,orthecontentwithouttheformoftheoriginal.Usuallyitisaparaphrasemuchlongerthantheoriginalso-called‘intralingualtranslation’,oftenprolixandpretentious,andnottranslationatall.•Idiomatictranslation•Idiomatictranslationreproducesthe‘message’oftheoriginalbuttendstodistortnuancesofmeaningbypreferringcolloquialismsandidiomswherethesedonotexistintheoriginal.(AuthoritiesasdiverseasSeleskovitchandStuartGilberttendtothisformoflively,‘natural’translation.)•Communicativetranslation•Communicativetranslationattemptstorendertheexactcontextualmeaningoftheoriginalinsuchawaythatbothcontentandlanguagearereadilyacceptableandcomprehensibletothereadership.•Theapparenttriumphofthe‘consumer’is,Ithink,illusory.Theconflictofloyalties,thegapbetweenemphasisonsourceandtargetlanguagewillalwaysremainastheoverridingproblemintranslationtheoryandpractice.’(Newmark:1981:38).•ThepurposeofthechangeinthisperiodistonarrowdownthegapbetweenSLandTLorientationbymovingdownoneleveltowardstheconvergingtipoftheVdiagram.In1981,Newmark’sdefinitionofS-T:S-T=torender,ascloselyasthesemanticandsyntacticstructuresofthesecondlanguageallow,theexactcontextualmeaningoftheoriginal.In1988,hegavetheabovedefinitiontofaithfultranslationandaddedonemoreelementtoS-T:S-T=thecontextualmeaningandaestheticvalueoftheoriginalinTL’smeaningandstructureIn1981,NewmarkdefinedC-Tas:C-T=toproduceonitsreadersaneffectascloseaspossibletothatobtainedonthereadersoftheoriginalIn1988,hegaveup‘effect’andredefinedC-Tas:C-T=torendertheexactcontextualmeaningoftheoriginalinsuchawaythatbothcontentandlanguagearereadilyacceptableandcomprehensibletothereadership.The1stchangefrom1981to1988ThedifferencebetweenS-TandC-TSemantictranslationCommunicativetranslationFocusoftranslatingMeaning(p23)Message(p23)Translator’sLoyaltyAuthor(p23)/transmitter(p43)Reader(p23)/receptors(p43)QualityoftranslationInferiortotheorig