语言学总复习

IntroductiontolinguisticsWhatislanguage?Thefeatures'oflanguages1.arbitrariness任意性2.duality二层性3.creativity创造性4.displacement移位性Saussure1streferstothefactthattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning语言符号的形式与所表示的意义无天然联系OriginoflanguagePeopleinnowadaysusemorethan6,000differentlanguagesandinnumerabledialects.Somewell-knowntheoriesabouttheoriginoflanguage:The“bow-wow”theory(onomatopoeicwordsseemtobeaconvenientevidenceforthistheory)The“pooh-pooh”theory感叹说The“yo-he-ho”theory杭育声说Nomatterwhatthetheoryis,wecansureisthatlanguageevolveswithinspecifichistorical,socialandculturalcontexts摹声说FunctionsoflanguageJakobson:asanysemioticsystem,forcommunication.Definedthesixprimaryfactorsofanyspeechevent(speaker,addressee,context,message,code,contact)Establishedawell-knownframeworkoflanguage(Basedonthesixkeyelementsofcommunication):Referential所指,poetic诗学,conative意动,phatic寒暄,emotive情感mentalingual元语言function雅格布逊Hallidayproposes9atheoryofmetafuncationsoflanguage.LanguagehasIDEATIONAL,INTERPERSONALandTEXTUALfunctionsInformative信息功能Interpersonalfunction人际功能Performative施为功能OR言语行为Emotive感情功能Phaticcommunion寒暄功能Recreation娱乐功能metalingual元语言功能韩礼德Whatislinguistics?Usuallydefinedasthescienceoflanguageor,alternatively,asthescientificstudyoflanguage.mainbruncheslinguisticsphonetics语音学phonology音系学morphology形态学syntax句法学semantics语义学pragmatics语用学PayattentiontotheirfieldsandmeaningwhenyoustudyingMarolinguistics宏观语言学Psycholinguistics心里语言学Sociolinguistics社会语言学AnthropologicalLinguistics人类语言学ComputationalLinguistics计算语言学ImportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsPrescriptive,descriptive描写式和规定式Synchronic,Diachronic共时和历时Language,Parole语言和言语Competence,Performance语言能力和语言运用SaussuredistinguishedtheLinguisticscompetenceoftheSpeakerandtheactualphenomenaOrdataoflinguisticsaslanguageAndparoleThisfundamentaldistinctionisDiscussedbyChomskyinhisAspectsoftheTheoryofSyntaxSpeechSoundsSpeechproductionandperception言语发生和言语感知:Articulatoryphonetics发音语言学Acousticphonetics声学语言学Perceptualorauditoryphonetics感知语言学或听觉语言学Howspeechsoundsaremade?Speechorgans发音器官国际音标TheIPAWhypeopleuseIPA?DivergencebetweensoundsandsymbolsBorrowsfromotherforeignlanguages,accentsfromdifferentregioncauseirregularlyEnglishspellingLanguagewithoutwritingsystemneedasetofsymbolstorecordthesoundConsonantsandVowelsConsonants:MannersofArticulation发音方式AcousticPhonetics声学语音学AuditoryPhonetics听觉语音学vowels:Fourcriteria四项标准Cardinalvowels基本元音辅音和原音CoarticulationandPhoneticTranscriptionsCoarticulation:协同发音Anticipatory先期协同发音Preservative后滞协同发音PhoneticTranscriptions:语音转写Phonology、DifferencebetweenPhonologyandphonetics:Phonetics:studiesspeechsounds,includingtheproductionofspeech,thatis,howspeechsoundsareactuallymade,transmittedandreceived,thedescriptionandclassificationofspeechsounds,wordsandconnectedspeech,etc.Phonology:studiestherulesgoverningthestructure,distribution,andsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables.PhonemesandallophonesMinimalpairs最小音差phonemeallophonescomplementarydistribution互补分布freevariation自由变体音位和音位变体PhonologicalprogressandphonologicalrulesPhonologicalprogress:Atargetoraffectedsegmentundergoesastructuralchangeincertainenvironmentsorcontexts.Ineachprogressthechangeisconditionedortriggeredbyafollowingsoundor,inthecaseofprogressiveassimilation,aprecedingsound.E.g./v/--[f]Rules:avoicedfricativeistransformedintothecorrespondingvoicelesssoundwhenitappearsbeforeavoicelesssound.E.g.voicedfricative---voiceless/-----voiceless.DistinctiveFeaturesThisideawasfirstdevelopedbyRomanJacobsoninthe1940sasameansofworkingoutasetofphonologicalcontrastsoroppositionstocaptureparticularaspectsoflanguagesoundsMajordistinctionsinclude:Consonantal,sonorant,nasal,voicedThreeaspectstophonologicalprocess:AsetofsoundstoundergotheprocessAsetofsoundsproducedbytheprocess(targetoraffectedsegment)Asetofsituationsinwhichtheprocessapplies(environmentsorcontents)SuprasegmentalsSuprasegmentalsfeaturesarethoseaspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegments.Principle:stress,tone声调,intonation语调SyllableisanimportantunitinthestudyofSuprasegmentals.InEnglishawordmaybeMONOSYLLABIV单音节orPOLYSYLLABIC多音节超音段Wecandivideasyllableinto2parts:therhymeandtheonset节首和韵基Thevowelwithintherhymeisthenucleus,withtheconsonant(s)afterittermedthecodaDifferentlanguagespermitdifferentkindsofsyllables.InEnglish,theonsetpositionmaybeemptyorfilledbyaclusterofasmanyasthreeconsonants,whilethecodapositionmaybefilledbyasmanyasfourconsonants.Forthismatter,theEnglishsyllablemayberepresentedas(((C)C)C)V((((C)C)C)C)Stress:isarelativenotionfeatures:(1)Inprinciple,thestressmayfallonanysyllable.(2)theyalsochangeoverhistoryandexhibitregionalordialectaldifference.(3)stressissometimesplacedonadifferentsyllableforthedifferentgrammaticalfunctionawordplays.(4)stressplacesindifferentplacewillalsochangewordsmeaning.Intonationandtone:Englishiscategorizedasastresstimedlanguage.重音节拍语言ChineseisatonelanguageFrommorphemetophraseMorpheme:Thesmallestunitoflanguageinregardtotherelationshipbetweensoundi