LubricantBaseOils润滑油基础油September,2007Overalllubricantperformancecomesfrombothbaseoilandadditives.润滑油的总体性能由基础油和添加剂共同决定。FluidLubricantComposition液体润滑油组成成份BaseOil基础油AdditivePackage复合添加剂80%–99%1%–20%•Petroleum(mineral)原油(矿物油)•Synthetic合成的•Natural(vegetable)天然的(植物的)BaseOilTypes基础油类型Mineraloils(derivedfromcrudeoil)矿物油(从原油中提取)•mostcommonly-usedbaseoilformanyyears为多年来最常用的基础油•goodcombinationofpropertiesneededtoprovideeffectivelubrication具有良好的有效润滑的综合特性Synthetics(esters,synthesizedhydrocarbons,etc.)人工合成油(酯类,合成烃类等)generallyusedtoprovideperformancelackingwithmineraloils通常用于弥补矿物油所缺乏的性能Naturaloils(vegetableoranimalderived)天然油(从植物或动物中提取)usuallychosenforenvironmentalconsiderations通常在考虑环境保护时使用LubricantBaseOils’ImportantProperties润滑油基础油的重要特性Viscosity粘度internalresistancetoflow–theabilitytoseparatesurfacesunderoperatingconditions流阻性-即将处于运行状态中的表层与其他层分离开的能力ViscosityIndex粘度指数resistancetochangeinviscositywithchangeintemperature温度发生变化时粘度保持不变的能力Chemicalstability化学稳定性resistancetooxidationanddegradation,especiallyathightemperature抗氧化降解的能力,尤其当处于高温条件下时Hydrolyticstability水解稳定性resistancetochangeinthepresenceofwater遇水时性能保持不变的能力Demulsibility乳化分解性abilitytoseparatewater与水分离的能力OriginsofCrudeOil原油的成因Thetraditionalandmostpopular“OrganicTheory”:传统而最常见的“有机说”“Crudeoilisderivedfromplantandanimalmatterlaiddowninancientseabedsovermillionsofyears.Itwasgraduallycoveredbymudandrockandunderpressure,heatandtimebecamecrudeoil.”“动植物沉到几百万年之久的古老海底后,被厚厚的泥沙沉积物所覆盖,并由于化学变化、压力和温度的作用过程,在漫长的时间中变成了我们所知道的石油”Organicmateriallaiddowndeterminesproduct(s)foundwhendrillingintoreservoir.钻头钻进原油的储层时得到的原油的产品种类由沉积的有机物类型决定。CrudeOilOrigins原油的成因IF,predominantmaterialwas…如果主要的材料为:THEN,productwillbe…那么产品将是:Animal动物Naturalgas天然气Plant植物Crudeoil原油Often,reservoirwillcontainbothcrudeoilandnaturalgas.通常情况下,储层里既包含有原油也包含天然气。•Crudeoils’physicalandchemicalpropertiesvaryconsiderablyfromtypetotype,andfromlocationtolocationsocrudesare“classified”byone,ormore,criteria.原油的物理性质和化学性质随类别和产地的不同而各异,因此人们采用一个或多个标准对原油进行“分类”。•Traditionally,crudeoilhasbeenclassifiedby:•按传统,原油的分类标准有:–Chemicalcomposition化学成分–Geographyinwhichitisfound产地–Sulfurcontent硫含量CrudeOilClassification原油的分类Allpetroleumproducts,fuelsorlubricants,arecomposedofhydrocarbonmolecules—chemicalcombinationsofHydrogenandCarbonatoms.所有的石油产品,燃料或润滑油,都是由烃分子组成的,即氢原子和碳原子按照一定的化学形式结合在一起。ChemicalComposition化学成分Example示例Composition组成成份Content含量Water水Compound化合物H20=2hydrogenatoms+1oxygenatom.ContainsonlyHydrogenandOxygenandonlyinH20structure一个水分子含有两个氢原子和一个氧原子,仅包含氢和氧两种元素,只包含一个H20结构。CrudeOil原油Mixture混合物1,000sofcombinationsofhydrogenandcarbonindifferentmolecularstructures1000个氢原子和碳原子按照各种分子结构结合在一起。It’sbeensaidthattheheonlythingmorechemicallycomplexthancrudeoilisthehumanbody.有一种说法说原油是复杂性仅次于人体的事物。ComplexCrudeOilMixture复杂的原油混合物Gases气体•Methane甲烷•Ethane乙烷•Propane丙烷•Butane丁烷Liquids液体•Gasoline汽油•Kerosene煤油•Diesel柴油AsphalticsorResiduum(bottoms)沥青或残余产物(渣油)•LubeOils润滑油•Asphalt沥青•others其他CrudeOilChemicalComposition原油的化学成分IF,classificationis…如果分类标准为:THEN,moleculesare那么分子为:Paraffinic链烷类predominantlyParaffinic以链烷为主Naphthenic环烷类predominantlyNaphthenes以环烷为主MixedBase混合基类mixtureofParaffinicandNaphthenic链烷和环烷的混合Paraffiniccrudeoilscontainamajorityofmoleculeswherehydrogenandcarbonatomsarearrangedinstraightchains,likealadder.链烷类原油的大部分分子中的氢原子和碳原子是以直链的形式结合在一起的,状若梯子。Methane甲烷Ethane乙烷Propane丙烷ParaffinicChemicalComposition链烷类原油的化学成分Naphtheniccrudeoilscontainamajorityofhydrocarbonmoleculeshavingaring-shapedstructure.环烷类原油的大部分烃类分子的结构呈环状。Cyclohexane环己烷NaphthenesChemicalComposition环烷类原油的化学成分Ring-shapedmoleculesthatoccurincrudeoilcalledAromatics,makegoodsolvents,butaregenerallynotdesirableinlubricants.Theycanberemovedoralteredintodesirablestructuresinsomerefiningprocessesshownabitlater.包含有环状结构的分子的原油叫芳香类原油,虽然它是很好的溶剂,但一般不属于润滑油中保留成份。可以将环状结构的分子移除或改成其他需要的结构。在随后的某些提炼工序的介绍中将说到这一点。AromaticsChemicalComposition芳香类原油的化学成分Mixed-basecrudeoilsdonothaveamajorityofeitherParaffinicorNaphthenicmolecules.混合基原油中既不包含大量的链烷类分子,也不包含大量的环烷类分子。Mixed-baseChemicalComposition混合基原油的化学成分原子和分子碳原子氢原子典型汽油分子典型润滑油分子Carbon碳原子Carbonhasfourplaceswhereitcanattachtosomethingelse.IntheexamplesofParaffinsbelow,thecarbonisattachedeithertoanothercarbon,orhydrogenleavingno“spaces”unattachedtosomething.Thesemoleculesare“saturated”orfull.当与其他原子结合时,碳原子有四个位置可供连结。在下面所举的链烷类分子中,碳原子要么与其他碳原子相连,要么与氢原子相连,而不存在某处无连接的情况。这些分子均处在“饱和”的状态。AromaticsandOlefinsare“unsaturated.”Theyarenotfully-bondedtoeithercarbonorhydrogen.芳香烃和烯烃为“不饱和”化合物,即指其碳原子的位置没有全部连满其他碳原子或氢原子。AromaticandOlefinMolecule芳香烃和烯烃分子Aromatic芳香烃Olefin烯烃Themostcommonexampleofinstabilityisoxidation;atendencytocombinewithoxygen.最常见的不稳定性的例子为氧化现象;即具有与氧原子结合的趋向。ChemicalComposition化学成分IF,moleculeis…如果分子是:THEN,ittendstobe…那么,它趋向于:SUCHas…比如:Saturated饱和的Stable稳定•Paraffins(straightchain)链烷类(直链)•Naphthenes(cyclic)环烷类(环状)Unsaturated不饱和的Unstable不稳定•Olefins(straightchain)烯烃(直链)•Aromatics(cyclic)芳香烃(环状)CrudeOilType原油的类型Advantages优点Disadvantages缺点Paraffinic链烷类Highviscosityindex高粘度指数Goodoxidationstability良好的抗氧化性Poorlowtemperatureperformance低温下性能较差Lowsolubility可溶性较差Naphthenic环烷类Goodlowtemperatureproperties低温下性能良好Go