一、非金属单质(F2,Cl2,O2,S,N2,P,C,Si)1,氧化性:F2+H2===2HFnF2+2M===2MFn(M表示大部分金属)2F2+2H2O===4HF+O2Cl2+H2===2HCl3Cl2+2P===2PCl3Cl2+PCl3===PCl5Cl2+2Na===2NaCl3Cl2+2Fe===2FeCl3Cl2+2FeCl2===2FeCl3Cl2+Cu===CuCl22Cl2+2NaBr===2NaCl+Br2Cl2+2NaI===2NaCl+I2Cl2+Na2S===2NaCl+S↓Cl2+H2S===2HCl+S↓Cl2+SO2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HCl2O2+3Fe===Fe3O4S+H2===H2SS+Fe===FeSS+2Cu===Cu2SN2+3H2===2NH3N2+3Mg===Mg3N2P4+6H2===4PH32.还原性S+O2===SO2S+6HNO3(浓)===H2SO4+6NO2↑+2H2O3S+4HNO3(稀)===3SO2↑+4NO↑+2H2ON2+O2===2NO4P+5O2===2P2O5C+2Cl2===CCl42C+O2(少量)===2COC+O2(足量)===CO2C+CO2===2COC+H2O===CO+H2(生成水煤气)2C+SiO2===Si+2CO↑(制得粗硅)Si+2NaOH+H2O===Na2SiO3+2H2↑Si(粉)+O2===SiO23.(碱中)歧化Cl2+H2O===HCl+HClO(加酸抑制歧化,加碱或光照促进歧化)Cl2+2NaOH===NaCl+NaClO+H2O2Cl2+2Ca(OH)2===CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O3C+SiO2===SiC+2CO↑二、金属单质(Na,Mg,Al,Fe)的还原性2Na+H2===2NaH4Na+O2===2Na2O2Na2O+O2===2Na2O22Na+O2===Na2O22Na+S===Na2S(爆炸)2Na+2H2O===2NaOH+H2↑4Na+TiCl4(熔融)===4NaCl+TiMg+Cl2===MgCl22Mg+O2===2MgO2Mg+TiCl4(熔融)===Ti+2MgCl2Mg+2H2O===Mg(OH)2+H2↑Mg+H2SO4===MgSO4+H2↑2Mg+CO2===2MgO+C2Al+3Cl2===2AlCl34Al+3O2===2Al2O3(钝化)4Al+3MnO2===2Al2O3+3Mn2Al+Cr2O3===Al2O3+2Cr2Al+3FeO===Al2O3+3Fe2Al+Fe2O3===Al2O3+2Fe2Al+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2↑2Al+6HCl===2AlCl3+3H2↑Al+4HNO3(稀)===Al(NO3)3+NO↑+2H2O2Al+6H2SO4(浓)===Al2(SO4)3+3SO2↑+6H2O(Al,Fe在冷,浓的H2SO4,HNO3中钝化)2Al+2NaOH+2H2O===2NaAlO2+3H2↑2Fe+3Br2===2FeBr3Fe+I2===FeI2Fe+S===FeS3Fe+4H2O(g)===Fe3O4+4H2Fe+2HCl===FeCl2+H2↑Fe+CuCl2===FeCl2+CuFe+SnCl4===FeCl2+SnCl2(铁在酸性环境下,不能把四氯化锡完全还原为单质锡Fe+SnCl2==FeCl2+Sn)三、非金属氢化物(HF,HCl,H2O,H2S,NH3)1,还原性:4HCl(浓)+MnO2===MnCl2+Cl2↑+2H2O2H2O+2F2===4HF+O22H2S+3O2(足量)===2SO2+2H2O4NH3+5O2===4NO+6H2O2H2S+O2(少量)===2S↓+2H2O2H2S+SO2===3S↓+2H2OH2S+H2SO4(浓)===S↓+SO2↑+2H2O3H2S+2HNO3(稀)===3S↓+2NO↑+4H2O2,酸性:4HF+SiO2===SiF4+2H2O(此反应广泛应用于测定矿样或钢样中SiO2的含量)H2S+CuCl2===CuS↓+2HClH2S+2AgNO3===Ag2S↓+2HNO33,碱性:NH3+HCl===NH4ClNH3+HNO3===NH4NO32NH3+H2SO4===(NH4)2SO4NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2===NaHCO3+NH4Cl(此反应用于工业制备小苏打,苏打)4,不稳定性:2H2O===2H2↑+O2↑2H2O2===2H2O+O2↑H2S===H2↑+S↓四,非金属氧化物低价态的还原性:2SO2+O2===2SO3SO2+Cl2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HClSO2+Br2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HBrSO2+I2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HI2NO+O2===2NO22CO+O2===2CO2CO+CuO===Cu+CO23CO+Fe2O3===2Fe+3CO2CO+H2O===CO2+H2氧化性:SO2+2H2S===3S↓+2H2ONO2+2KI+H2O===NO+I2+2KOH(不能用淀粉KI溶液鉴别溴蒸气和NO2)CO2+2Mg===2MgO+C(CO2不能用于扑灭由Mg,Ca,Ba,Na,K等燃烧的火灾)SiO2+2H2===Si+2H2OSiO2+2Mg===2MgO+Si3,与水的作用:SO2+H2O===H2SO3SO3+H2O===H2SO43NO2+H2O===2HNO3+NON2O5+H2O===2HNO3P2O5+H2O===2HPO3CO2+H2O===H2CO3P2O5+3H2O===2H3PO4(P2O5极易吸水,可作气体干燥剂P2O5+3H2SO4(浓)===2H3PO4+3SO3)4,与碱性物质的作用:SO2+Ca(OH)2===CaSO3↓+H2O(不能用澄清石灰水鉴别SO2和CO2.可用品红鉴别)SO3+MgO===MgSO4SO3+Ca(OH)2===CaSO4↓+H2OCO2+2NaOH(过量)===Na2CO3+H2OCO2(过量)+NaOH===NaHCO3CO2+Ca(OH)2(过量)===CaCO3↓+H2O2CO2(过量)+Ca(OH)2===Ca(HCO3)2CO2+2NaAlO2+3H2O===2Al(OH)3↓+Na2CO3CO2+C6H5ONa+H2O===C6H5OH↓+NaHCO3SiO2+CaO===CaSiO3SiO2+2NaOH===Na2SiO3+H2O(常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃)SiO2+Na2CO3===Na2SiO3+CO2↑SiO2+CaCO3===CaSiO3+CO2↑五,金属氧化物1,低价态的还原性:6FeO+O2===2Fe3O4FeO+4HNO3===Fe(NO3)3+NO2↑+2H2O2,氧化性:MgO,Al2O3几乎没有氧化性,很难被还原为Mg,Al.一般通过电解制Mg和Al.Fe2O3+3H2===2Fe+3H2O(制还原铁粉)Fe3O4+4H2===3Fe+4H2O3,与水的作用:Na2O+H2O===2NaOH2Na2O2+2H2O===4NaOH+O2↑(此反应分两步:Na2O2+2H2O===2NaOH+H2O2;2H2O2===2H2O+O2↑.H2O2的制备可利用类似的反应)MgO+H2O===Mg(OH)2(缓慢反应)4,与酸性物质的作用:Na2O+SO3===Na2SO4Na2O+CO2===Na2CO3Na2O+2HCl===2NaCl+H2O2Na2O2+2CO2===2Na2CO3+O2↑MgO+SO3===MgSO4MgO+H2SO4===MgSO4+H2O(Al2O3是两性氧化物)Al2O3+2NaOH===2NaAlO2+H2OAl2O3+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2OFeO+2HCl===FeCl2+3H2OFe2O3+6HCl===2FeCl3+3H2OFe3O4+8HCl===FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2O六、含氧酸1,氧化性:(氧化性:HClOHClO2HClO3HClO4,但浓,热的HClO4氧化性很强)2H2SO4(浓)+C===CO2↑+2SO2↑+2H2O2H2SO4(浓)+S===3SO2↑+2H2OH2SO4+Fe(Al)室温下钝化6H2SO4(浓)+2Fe===Fe2(SO4)3+3SO2↑+6H2O2H2SO4(浓)+Cu===CuSO4+SO2↑+2H2OH2SO4(浓)+2HBr===SO2+Br2+2H2OH2SO4(浓)+2HI===SO2↑+I2+2H2OH2SO4(稀)+Fe===FeSO4+H2↑2H2SO3+2H2S===3S↓+2H2O4HNO3(浓)+C===CO2+4NO2↑+2H2O6HNO3(浓)+S===H2SO4+6NO2↑+2H2O5HNO3(浓)+P===H3PO4+5NO2↑+H2O6HNO3+Fe===Fe(NO3)3+3NO2↑+3H2O4HNO3+Fe===Fe(NO3)3+NO↑+2H2O2,还原性:H2SO3+X2+H2O===H2SO4+2HX(X表示Cl2,Br2,I2)2H2SO3+O2===2H2SO45H2SO3+2KMnO4===2MnSO4+K2SO4+2H2SO4+3H2OH2SO3+2FeCl3+H2O===H2SO4+2FeCl2+2HCl3,酸性:H2SO4(浓)+CaF2===CaSO4+2HF↑H2SO4(浓)+NaCl===NaHSO4+HCl↑H2SO4(浓)+2NaCl===Na2SO4+2HCl↑H2SO4(浓)+NaNO3===NaHSO4+HNO33H2SO4(浓)+Ca3(PO4)2===3CaSO4+2H3PO42H2SO4(浓)+Ca3(PO4)2===2CaSO4+Ca(H2PO4)22HNO3+CaCO3===Ca(NO3)2+H2O+CO2↑(用HNO3和浓H2SO4不能制备H2S,HI,HBr,(SO2)等还原性气体)4H3PO4+Ca3(PO4)2===3Ca(H2PO4)2(重钙)H3PO4(浓)+NaBr===NaH2PO4+HBrH3PO4(浓)+NaI===NaH2PO4+HI4,不稳定性:2HClO===2HCl+O2↑4HNO3===4NO2↑+O2↑+2H2OH2SO3===H2O+SO2↑H2CO3===H2O+CO2↑H4SiO4===H2SiO3+H2O七、碱低价态的还原性:4Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O===4Fe(OH)3与酸性物质的作用:2NaOH+SO2(少量)===Na2SO3+H2ONaOH+SO2(足量)===NaHSO32NaOH+SiO2===NaSiO3+H2O2NaOH+Al2O3===2NaAlO2+H2O2NaOH+Cl2===NaCl+NaClO+H2ONaOH+HCl===NaCl+H2ONaOH+H2S(足量)===NaHS+H2O2NaOH+H2S(少量)===Na2S+2H2O3NaOH+AlCl3===Al(OH)3↓+3NaClNaOH+Al(OH)3===NaAlO2+2H2ONaOH+NH4Cl===NaCl+NH3↑+H2OAl(OH)3+NH4Cl不溶解3,不稳定性:Mg(OH)2===MgO+H2O2Al(OH)3===Al2O3+3H2O2Fe(OH)3===Fe2O3+3H2OCu(OH)2===CuO+H2O八,盐1,氧化性:2FeCl3+Fe===3FeCl22FeCl3+Cu===2FeCl2+CuCl2(用于雕刻铜线路版)2FeCl3+Zn===2FeCl2+ZnCl2FeCl2+Mg===Fe+MgCl22FeCl3+H2S===2FeCl2+2HCl+S↓2FeCl3+2KI===2FeCl2+2KCl+I22,还原性:2FeCl2+Cl2===2FeCl32Na2SO3+O2===2Na2SO43,与碱性物质的作用:MgC