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석사학위논문Master'sThesis휴대용3D그래픽시스템을위한LogarithmicArithmeticUnit의연구ALogarithmicArithmeticUnitDesignforMobile3DGraphicsSystem김혜정(金惠貞Kim,Hyejung)전자전산학과전기및전자공학전공DepartmentofElectricalEngineeringandComputerScience,DivisionofElectricalEngineering한국과학기술원KoreaAdvancedInstituteofScienceandTechnology2006휴대용3D그래픽시스템을위한LogarithmicArithmeticUnit의연구ALogarithmicArithmeticUnitDesignforMobile3DGraphicsSystemALogarithmicArithmeticUnitDesignforMobile3DGraphicsSystemAdvisor:ProfessorHoi-JunYoobyHyejungKimDepartmentofElectricalEngineeringandComputerScienceDivisionofElectricalEngineeringKoreaAdvancedInstituteofScienceandTechnologyAthesissubmittedtothefacultyoftheKoreaAdvancedInstituteofScienceandTechnologyinpartialfulfillmentofrequirementsofthedegreeofMasterofEngineeringintheDepartmentofElectricalEngineeringandComputerScience,DivisionofElectricalEngineeringDaejeon,RepublicofKorea2006.6.13ApprovedbyProfessorHoi-JunYoo(MajorAdvisor)휴대용3D그래픽시스템을위한LogarithmicArithmeticUnit의연구김혜정위논문은한국과학기술원석사학위논문으로학위논문심사위원회에서심사통과하였음.2006년6월13일심사위원장유회준(인)심사위원박인철(인)심사위원신영수(인)iAbstractA32-bitfixed-pointlogarithmicarithmeticunitisproposedforthepossibleapplicationtomobile3Dgraphicssystem.Theproposedlogarithmicarithmeticunitperformsdivision,reciprocal,square-root,reciprocal-square-rootandsquareoperationsin2clockcycles,andpoweringoperationin4clockcycles.Itcanprogramitsthenumberrangeforaccuratecomputationflexibilityof3Dgraphicspipeline,and8-regionpiecewiselinearapproximationmodelforlogarithmicandanti-logarithmicconversiontoreducetheoperationerrorunder0.2%.Itstestchipisimplementedby1-poly6-metal0.18umCMOStechnologywith9kgates.Itoperatesatthemaximumfrequencyof231MHzandconsumes2.18mWat1.8Vsupply.MEE20043175김혜정,HyejungKim.ALogarithmicArithmeticUnitDesignforMobile3DGraphicsSystem.휴대용3D그래픽시스템을위한LogarithmicArithmeticUnit의연구.DepartmentofElectricalEngineeringandComputerScience,DivisionofElectricalEngineering.2006.50p.AdvisorProf.Yoo,Hoi-Jun.TextinEnglishii사랑하는사랑하는사랑하는사랑하는가족에게가족에게가족에게가족에게바칩니다바칩니다바칩니다바칩니다....iiiTableofContentsAbstractiTableofContentsiiListofFiguresivListofTablesvCHAPTER1INTRODUCTION1.1Motivation11.2ThesisOrganization4CHAPTER23DGRAPHICSPIPELINE2.13DGraphicsPipeline52.2SpecialOperationsfor3DGraphicsSystem7CHAPTER3PROPOSEDSYSTEMDESIGN3.132-bitLogarithmicArithmeticUnit93.2LogarithmicConverterBlock143.3AntilogarithmicConverterBlock26ivCHAPTER4RESULTS4.1EvaluationResults334.2ChipImplementationResults374.3MeasurementResults38CHAPTER5CONCLUSIONS5.1Conclusions41SUMMARY(inKorean)43REFERENCES43Acknowledgement48vListofFigures1.1PercentageofProcessingTimeoftheOperationsinthe3DGraphicsRenderingPipeline[3]22.1TheOverall3DGraphicsPipeline53.1TopArchitectureoftheLAU103.2Fixed-PointNumberFormat123.3TheErrorRangeAccordingtoTheNumberofPiecewiseRegionsandTheNumberofCoefficients153.4ComparisonResultsofApproximationValue163.5ArchitectureofLogarithmicConverter203.6ArchitectureofFPGen(FractionalPartGeneration)Block223.7TheErrorRangeandTheGateCountsAccordingtotheNumberofCSAs.233.8ThePercentErrorofProposedLogarithmicConverter243.9TheErrorRangeAccordingtoTheNumberofPiecewiseRegionsandTheNumberofCoefficients273.10ArchitectureofAntilogarithmicConverter303.11ThePercentErrorofProposedAntilogarithmicConverter324.1Comparisonof3DGraphicsResult344.2ComparisonResultofReal3DGraphicsTestModel354.3ChipPhotograph37vi4.4ShmooPlotofLAU384.5MeasurementResultofTestChip39viiListofTables3.1OperationsinLogarithmicNumberSystem103.2ComparisonofLogarithmicApproximationErrors143.3CoefficientofLogarithmicApproximationModel183.4CoefficientofAntilogarithmicApproximationModel283.5ComparisonofAntilogarithmicApproximationError[12].324.1MaximumPercentErrorRangeofLAU364.2ThecomparisonofLAUwithRDX4404.3CharacteristicsofTheFabricatedLAUChip401CHAPTER1INTRODUCTION1.1MotivationNowadays,thereal-time3Dgraphicsisoneoftheattractiveapplicationsformobilesystems[1].As3Dgraphicsisgettingmoreandmorefamiliartothepeople,therehavebeenincreasingdemandsforhighqualitygraphicsfornewapplicationssuchasavatar,advertisementandgames.Many3Dgraphicsprocessorshavebeenstudied[1]-[2]tomeettheserequests.ThemobilesystemhaslowresolutionandsmallscreensizethanPCsystem.However,themobilesystemalsohaslimitedresourcessuchasCPUperformance,memorycapacityandbatteryenergy.Mostofmobilesystemsuselowpower32-bitprocessorssuchasARMorMIPS,andthefixedpointarithmeticunitshavebeenusedforlowerpowerconsumptionsincetheyconsumelesspowerthanfloatingpointunits[2].2DIVMULADD/SUBSQRTOTHER80.95%DIVMULADD/SUB5.11%4.18%SQRT2.65%OTHER7.11%Figure1.1PercentageofProcessingTimeoftheOperationsinthe3DGraphicsRenderingPipeline[3]The3Dgraphicprocessorsrequireheavyarithmeticcalculationslikedivision,reciprocal,square-root,squareandpoweringoperationsincontrasttogeneralprocessors.Thefigure1.1showsthepercentageofprocessingtimeof3Dgraphicsrenderingpipeline,andtheheavyarithmeticfunctionstake83%oftotalprocessingtime[3].Ofcoursethesefunctionsconsumemostofcomputingpowerbecausetheyusemostoftheclockcyclesintherealtime3Dgraphicssystems.Andforthelowpowerconsumptiontheclockcyclesofthesecomplexfunctio
本文标题:ArithmeticUnitDesignforMobile3DGraphicsSy
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