工业操作效率的研究分析(1)

1TimeandMotionStudyRebeccaJohnstonOperationsManagementDr.Foster2TimeandMotionStudy:DefinedAmethodcreatedtodeterminethe‘correcttime’ittakestocompleteacertaintaskAmethodtoestablish‘theonebestwaytoperformatask’3TimeandMotionStudy:PurposesToend‘goofingoff’andtoestablishwhatconstitutedafairdaysworkTomakesurethatthejobbeingevaluateddoesnotincludeanyunnecessarymotionbytheworker4TimeandMotionStudy:HistoryFrederickW.TaylorandhisfollowersdevelopedandrefinedtheTimeStudyFrankB.GilbrethandhiswifeLilliandevelopedandrefinedtheMotionStudyHistoricallythetwostudiesarediscussedindividually,todaytheygenerallyarediscussedasone5TimeandMotionStudy:InyourOrganizationHistorically:T&MStudieswereusedinthemanufacturingindustrytoevolvepayscaleswiththethoughtthatmoneywastheonlymotivationforwork6TimeandMotionStudy:InyourOrganizationcont’dToday:–T&MStudiescanbeeffectiveforperformanceevaluations–T&MStudiescanbeusedforplanningpurposesinordertopredictthelevelofoutputthatmaybeachieved–T&MStudiescanbeusedtouncoverproblemsandcreatesolutions–T&MStudiescanbeusedfortimecostanalysis7TimeandMotionStudy:ObjectiveTheobjectiveoftheTimeandMotionStudyistodeterminea‘normal’oraveragetimeforajob,byusingobserverstorecordexactlyhowmuchtimeisbeingdevotedtoeachtask.8HowitWorksStep-by-Step1.Establishthestandardjobmethod.2.Breakdownthejobintoelements3.Studythejob.4.Ratetheworker’sperformance9HowitWorksStep-by-Stepcont’d5.Computetheaveragetime6.ComputethenormaltimeNt=(t)(RF)orNormalTime=(elementalaveragetime)(ratingfactor)7.ComputethestandardtimeST=(Nt)(1+AF)orStandardTime=(Normalcycletime)(1+Allowancefactor)10TimeandMotionStudy:InActionHowdomedicalresidentsspendtheirtimeatthehospital?11InActioncont’d1.Coders/observerstrainingwasthe2.Activitieswerebrokendownintoseparatecategories,67intotal3.Theexactnumberofminutespertaskweredetermined4.Percentagesoftimedevotedtoeachtaskwerecalculated12InActioncont’dAtotalof13,383minutesofactivitieswereobservedbetweenthe8residentsResidentswereinvolvedin1,726codedactivitiesTheseactivitiesaveraged7.75minuteseachwithastandarddeviationof14.5minutes13TimeandMotionStudy:ExerciseElementt(min)RF12.511.1025.291.1534.211.1043.571.05Computethestandardtimeforthisjobusinganallowancefactorof20percent.14SolutionUsetheformula(t)(RF)=NtElement1(.251)(1.10)=.2761Element2(.529)(1.15)=.6084Andsoonforelement3and4ElementT(min)RFtNt12.511.10.251.276125.291.15.529.608434.211.10.421.463143.571.05.357.3749TogetthenormalcycletimeyousumtheNtvalues.Here=1.73min15SolutionTocomputethestandardtimeusethe20percentallowancefactorNt(1+AF)=STHere1.73(1+.20)=2.08Sothestandardtimeforeachelementofthisjobis2.08minutes16TimeandMotionStudy:Problems1.Observersarenotalwayscompetent2.Thoseconductingthestudyarenotalwaysproficientinthejobbeingobserved3.Theactionsobservedarenotalwaysreflectiveofthegroupasawhole17TimeandMotionStudy:Problemscont’dWorkersmaynotcooperatewithatimeandmotionstudy:1.Theymayresentthestudyifitisbeingusedtodeterminethepayscale2.Workersmaychangetherateatwhichtheywork3.Pressuremayincreasemistakesmade4.Workersmayalternormalworkmethodstodisruptthestudy18ReferencesFerguson,DavidS.,Don’tCallit“timeandmotionstudy”,IITSolutions,Norcross.May1997.Vol.29,Issue5.Finkler,StevenA.,AComparisonofwork-samplingandtime-and-motiontechniquesforstudiesinhealthservicesresearch,HealthServiceResearch,Chicago.Dec1993.Vol.28,Issue5.Koehler,KennethG.,TimeCostAnalysis,CMA,Hamilton.May1992.Vol.66,Issue4.Russell,Roberta;Taylor,BernardW.,OperationsManagement,PrenticeHallInc.,UpperSaddleRiver,NJ.2000.Stevens,Larry,TimeStudyPromptsNewHREfficiencies,PersonnelJournal,SantaMonica.April1994.Vol.73,Issue4.Stuttaford,Genevieve,TheOneBestWay:FredrickWinslowTaylor&theEnigmaofEfficiency,PublishersWeekly,NewYork.March17,1997.Vol.224,Issue11.