目标导向液体治疗Goal-directedfluidtherapy复旦大学附属中山医院麻醉科薛张纲液体治疗的基本策略(1)Moore(1959)外科创伤应激反应应激激素↑水钠潴留围手术期应当限制液体输入Shires(1961)液体治疗的基本策略(2)大手术液体转移第三间隙细胞外液减少用晶体液补充第三间隙液体的丢失?液体治疗的基本策略(3)1.生理需要量:晶体液2.术前液体丧失量:晶体液3.液体再分布:晶体液4.麻醉后血管扩张:晶体液或(和)胶体液5.术中失血:晶体液、胶体液和血制品是麻醉科医生输液的准则,但合理吗?主张限制输液者认为避免大量的液体进入组织间隙降低心肺并发症及伤口感染发生率加速胃肠道功能的恢复缩短住院时间降低并发症的发生率与死亡率LoboDN,etal.Lancet2002;359:1812–18JoshiGP.AnesthAnalg.2005;101:601BrandstrupB.AnnSurg.2003;238:641~648主张开放输液者认为保证有效的组织灌注术中循环稳定术后恶心、呕吐减少术后康复加速……HolteK,etal.AnnSurg,2004;240:892AliSZ,etal.Anaesthesia,2003,58,775–80348例ASA1-2级病人,接受LC手术分成开放输液和限制输液组Î开放40ml/kgLRÎ限制15ml/kgLR观察指标Î呼吸、运动能力、心血管激素反应、疼痛、恶心和呕吐、康复和住院时间支持开放输液者的观点HolteK,etal.LiberalVersusRestrictiveFluidAdministrationtoImproveRecoveryAfterLaparoscopicCholecystectomy,ARandomized,Double-BlindStudy.AnnalsofSurgery,2004,240(5):892-899.开放输液组术后进食早,手术当天符合出院标准和出院人数明显大于限制输液组HolteK,etal.LiberalVersusRestrictiveFluidAdministrationtoImproveRecoveryAfterLaparoscopicCholecystectomy,ARandomized,Double-BlindStudy.AnnalsofSurgery,240(5):892-899.开放输液组术后肺功能和运动能力都明显优于限制输液组HolteK,etal.LiberalVersusRestrictiveFluidAdministrationtoImproveRecoveryAfterLaparoscopicCholecystectomy,ARandomized,Double-BlindStudy.AnnalsofSurgery,2004,240(5):892-899.然而,术中输液过多可以导致组织水肿临床液体治疗的昀终目的是Î术中液体治疗的昀终目标是避免输液不足引起的隐匿性低血容量和组织低灌注,及输液过多引起的心功能不全和外周组织水肿Î必须保证满意的血容量和适宜的麻醉深度,对抗手术创伤可能引起的损害,保证组织灌注满意,器官功能正常Importantperioperativeaim:AvoidanceofedemaExample:Abdominalhypertension20例正常的病人,行大肠手术分组Î标准液体输注(≥3L,1LNS,2L5%GS)Î限制液体输注(≤2L,0.5LNS,1.5L5%GS)比较终点Î体重、尿量、电解质、胃肠动力和其它并发症主张限制输液者的观点(1)LoboDN,etal.Effectofsaltandwaterbalanceonrecoveryofgastrointestinalfunctionafterelectivecolonicresection:arandomisedcontrolledtrial.Lancet2002;359:1812–18体重静脉补液量入液总量尿钠排出量两组并发症和30天死亡人数比较两组固体和液体食物排空时间比较两组病人终点事件的比较0.00136.0(5.0–7.0)9.0(7.8–14.3)术后住院时间(天)0.00224.0(4.0–4.3)6.5(5.5–7.0)恢复固体食物(天)0.00124.0(3.8–4.0)6.0(4.8–6.3)停止静脉输液(天)0.00134.0(3.0–4.0)6.5(5.8–8.0)首次排便(天)0.00123.0(2.0–3.0)4.0(4.0–5.0)首次肛门排气(天)P值差异限制组标准组终点主张限制输液者的观点(3)病人总数141例,加入随机、双盲对照研究围术期液体治疗分成限制输液和常规输液组限制输液组各种并发症发生率降低Î心、肺并发症7%vs24%Î组织愈合并发症16%vs31%Î死亡率0vs4.7%结论:择期结直肠手术围术期限制输液有利BrandstrupB,PottF,etal:EffectsofIntravenousFluidRestrictiononPostoperativeComplications:ComparisonofTwoPerioperativeFluidRegimens.ARandomizedAssessor-BlindedMulticenterTrial.AnnalsofSurgery,2003,238,641~648.术中限制入液量Î硬膜外麻醉无液体负荷Î没有第三间隙丢失液的标准替代物Î失血替代物-HES1:1术后引流失液量可以HES术后根据体重计算补液量术后优先考虑经口补液择期结直肠手术限制静脉入液量Brandstrupetal.,AnnSurg2003;238:641-648择期结直肠手术限制静脉入液量Brandstrupetal.,AnnSurg2003;238:641-648升补充液体经口补充液体静脉补充0.9%的盐水静脉补充5%葡萄糖静脉补充HAES6%静脉补充其他或非特异性液体术后期Day1Day2Day3Day4Day5Day67,06,05,04,03,02,01,00RSRSRSRSRSRSRS**R=限量组S=标准组生理盐水公斤体重变化情况术后Day1Day2Day3Day4Day5Day67,06,05,04,03,02,01,00RSRSRSRSRSRSRS******R=限量组S=标准组择期结直肠手术限制静脉入液量Brandstrupetal.,AnnSurg2003;238:641-648静脉补液和体重增加的相关并发症n=51n=48n=42n=40n=52n=43并发症发生率((%%))10090807060504030201003.5L3.5-5.5L5.5L0.5kg0.5-2.52.5kgn=40n=52n=43输入液体量增加体重择期结直肠手术限制静脉入液Brandstrupetal.,AnnSurg2003;238:641-648EdemaGlycocalyxGlycocalyx??????RehmMetal.Anesthesiology2001;95:849-856.GlycocalyxGlycocalyxJacobM,etal.Anesthesiology.2006;104:1223-31.GlycocalyxGlycocalyxEndothelialinjuryfollowingvolumeoverloadingFluidoverloadhastobeavoided!Theauthorsconcludedthatthevolumeoverloadmayhavedeleteriouseffectsonanastomotichealingandpost-operativecomplicationsinGIsurgery,possiblebecauseofamarkedbowelwalledema.Ann.Surg.2009;249(2):181-5ThekeytobetterintravenousfluidtherapyistogivetherightamountoftherightfluidattherighttimeandtotryandmaintainthepatientinastateofzerofluidbalanceasmuchaspossibleAvoidanceoffluidoverload,ratherthanfluidrestriction,seemstobethekeytobetterpostoperativeoutcome.LoboDN.AnnSurg.2009Feb;249(2):186-8围手术期液体治疗的影响因素及预后有关液体治疗的推论液体过量有害液体不足同样有害猜测往往会误导临床医生,应当评估而不是猜测液体治疗应采取个体化的原则GoalDirectedFluidTherapy:usingmorepatientdataandfewerassumptions100例病人,随机分成常规输液和目标控制输液组目标控制输液Î经食管多普勒监测指导术中补液(FTc,SV)Î6%HES以200ml增加,以达到昀佳心排血量进食固体食物的时间分别为4.7±0.5vs3.0±0.5天住院时间分别为7±3vs5±3天术后需要治疗的严重PONV分别为36%vs14%GanTJ,etal:Goal-directedIntraoperativeFluidAdministrationReducesLengthofHospitalStayafterMajorSurgery.Anesthesiology2002;97:820–6.目标导向液体治疗使用Doppler指导液体输注ManyhemodynamicassessmenttoolsPalpatepulseNBPECGArteriallineCVPMinimallyinvasiveCO/SVVPACathLessinvasiveMoreinvasiveDoppler,TEEMorePowerful目标导向液体治疗经食管超声多普勒Î降主动脉校正血流时间(Correctedflowtime,FTc)Î心输出量(CardiacOutput)Meta分析证明Î降低围术期并发症的发生Î缩短住院时间WalshSR,etal.IntJClinPract2008;62:466AbbasSM,etal.Anaesthesia,2008;63:44GanTJ,Anesthesiology2002;97:820–6目标导向输液反对者之声Î操作复杂,代价昂贵Î额外地增加了患者的创伤替代经食管超声多普勒ÎPPVÎAPCO和SVVPinskyMR,etal.CritCareMed,2005;33:1119LopesMR,etal.CritCare,2007;11:R100SVmean每搏心排血量变异率(SVV)meanSVSVSVSVVminmax−=1.SV由脉搏波曲线下面积确定2.机械通气对动脉血压的影响是生理学的基本概念前负荷反应性的指标:SVV产生的原因:呼吸对动脉血压的影响正常范围Î自主呼吸情况下变异的正常范围 5~10%Î机械通气,潮气量8ml/kg 8~13%Theincreaseofpreloadvolumeisequal:∆EDV1=∆EDV2∆SV1∆SV2EDVSVSVVsmallSVVlarge∆EDV1∆EDV2∆SV1∆SV2SVV预测心脏对容量负荷的反应SVV的临床应用SVV是一个动态的参数,应当连续监测SVV目前仅适用于机械通气的病人SVV能够预测心脏对容量负荷的反应,其理论依据是Frank–StarlingcurveBerkenstadtetal,EurJAnaesthesiol,17(19):49,2000Reuteretal,EurJ.Anaesthesiol,17(S