_12InventoryManagement(运营管理,英文版)

TransparencyMasterstoaccompanyOperationsManagement,5E(Heizer&Render)12-1?1998byPrenticeHall,Inc.ASimon&SchusterCompanyUpperSaddleRiver,N.J.07458OperationsManagementInventoryManagementChapter12TransparencyMasterstoaccompanyOperationsManagement,5E(Heizer&Render)12-2?1998byPrenticeHall,Inc.ASimon&SchusterCompanyUpperSaddleRiver,N.J.07458Outline¨GlobalCompanyProfile:Harley-Davidson¨FunctionsofInventory¨TypesofInventory¨InventoryManagement¨ABCAnalysis¨RecordAccuracy¨CycleCounting¨ControlofServicesInventoryTransparencyMasterstoaccompanyOperationsManagement,5E(Heizer&Render)12-3?1998byPrenticeHall,Inc.ASimon&SchusterCompanyUpperSaddleRiver,N.J.07458Outline-continued¨InventoryModels¨IndependentversusDependentDemand¨Holding,Ordering,andSetupCosts¨InventoryModelsforIndependentDemand¨BasicEconomicOrderQuantity(EOQ)Model¨MinimizingCosts¨ReorderPointsModel¨ProductionOrderQuantityModel¨QuantityDiscountModels¨Fixed-PeriodSystemTransparencyMasterstoaccompanyOperationsManagement,5E(Heizer&Render)12-4?1998byPrenticeHall,Inc.ASimon&SchusterCompanyUpperSaddleRiver,N.J.07458Outline-continued¨ProbabilisticModelswithConstantLeadTime¨FixedPeriodSystemsTransparencyMasterstoaccompanyOperationsManagement,5E(Heizer&Render)12-5?1998byPrenticeHall,Inc.ASimon&SchusterCompanyUpperSaddleRiver,N.J.07458LearningObjectives¨Explainwhatinventoryis¨Explainhowinventoryisclassified¨ExplainABCAnalysisandCycleCounting¨Compareinventorymodels¨UseinventorymodelstofindhowmuchandwhentoorderTransparencyMasterstoaccompanyOperationsManagement,5E(Heizer&Render)12-6?1998byPrenticeHall,Inc.ASimon&SchusterCompanyUpperSaddleRiver,N.J.07458Harley-Davidson¨1970s-intensecompetitionfromHondaandYamaha¨Emphasizedqualityimprovement¨Required:¨tighterinventorycontrol¨JIT¨productandprocessimprovements¨PrimarilyètotalqualitycontrolprogramdrivenbyinventorycontrolpoliciesTransparencyMasterstoaccompanyOperationsManagement,5E(Heizer&Render)12-7?1998byPrenticeHall,Inc.ASimon&SchusterCompanyUpperSaddleRiver,N.J.07458¨Stockofmaterials¨Storedcapacity¨Examples?1995CorelCorp.?1984-1994T/MakerCo.?1984-1994T/MakerCo.?1995CorelCorp.WhatisInventory?TransparencyMasterstoaccompanyOperationsManagement,5E(Heizer&Render)12-8?1998byPrenticeHall,Inc.ASimon&SchusterCompanyUpperSaddleRiver,N.J.07458TheFunctionsofInventory¨Provideastockofgoodstomeetanticipatedcustomerdemandandprovidea搒election?ofgoods¨Decouplesuppliersfromproductionandproductionfromdistribution¨Allowonetotakeadvantageofquantitydiscounts¨Toprovideahedgeagainstinflation¨Toprotectagainstshortagesduetodeliveryvariation¨Topermitoperationstocontinuesmoothlywiththeuseof搘ork-in-processTransparencyMasterstoaccompanyOperationsManagement,5E(Heizer&Render)12-9?1998byPrenticeHall,Inc.ASimon&SchusterCompanyUpperSaddleRiver,N.J.07458¨Highercosts¨Itemcost(ifpurchased)¨Ordering(orsetup)cost¨Costsofforms,clerks?wagesetc.¨Holding(orcarrying)cost¨Buildinglease,insurance,taxesetc.¨Difficulttocontrol¨HidesproductionproblemsDisadvantagesofInventoryTransparencyMasterstoaccompanyOperationsManagement,5E(Heizer&Render)12-10?1998byPrenticeHall,Inc.ASimon&SchusterCompanyUpperSaddleRiver,N.J.07458TypesofInventory¨Rawmaterial¨Work-in-process¨Maintenance/repair/operatingsupplies¨FinishedgoodsTransparencyMasterstoaccompanyOperationsManagement,5E(Heizer&Render)12-11?1998byPrenticeHall,Inc.ASimon&SchusterCompanyUpperSaddleRiver,N.J.07458InventoryProcessstageDemandTypeNumber&ValueOtherRawMaterialWIPFinishedGoodsIndependentDependentAItemsBItemsCItemsMaintenanceDependentOperating?1984-1994T/MakerCo.InventoryClassificationsTransparencyMasterstoaccompanyOperationsManagement,5E(Heizer&Render)12-12?1998byPrenticeHall,Inc.ASimon&SchusterCompanyUpperSaddleRiver,N.J.074581Runtime:Jobisatmachineandbeingworkedon2Setuptime:Jobisattheworkstation,andtheworkstationisbeingsetup.3Queuetime:Jobiswhereitshouldbe,butisnotbeingprocessedbecauseotherworkprecedesit.4Movetime:Thetimeajobspendsintransit5Waittime:Whenoneprocessisfinished,butthejobiswaitingtobemovedtothenextworkarea.6Other:Just-in-caseinventory.TheMaterialFlowCycleOtherWaitTimeMoveTimeQueueTimeSetupTimeRunTimeInputCycleTimeOutputTransparencyMasterstoaccompanyOperationsManagement,5E(Heizer&Render)12-13?1998byPrenticeHall,Inc.ASimon&SchusterCompanyUpperSaddleRiver,N.J.07458¨Divideson-handinventoryinto3classes¨Aclass,Bclass,Cclass¨Basisisusuallyannual$volume¨$volume=AnnualdemandxUnitcost¨PoliciesbasedonABCanalysis¨DevelopclassAsuppliersmore¨GivetighterphysicalcontrolofAitems¨ForecastAitemsmorecarefullyABCAnalysisTransparencyMasterstoaccompanyOperationsManagement,5E(Heizer&Render)12-14?1998byPrenticeHall,Inc.ASimon&SchusterCompanyUpperSaddleRiver,N.J.07458020406080100050100150%ofInventoryItems%Annual$UsageABCClass%$Vol%ItemsA8015B1530C555ClassifyingItemsasABCTransparencyMasterstoaccompanyOperationsManagement,5E(Heizer&Render)12-15?1998byPrenticeHall,Inc.ASimon&SchusterCompanyUpperSaddleRiver,N.J.07458¨Physicallycountingasampleoftotalinventoryonaregularbasis¨UsedoftenwithABCclassification¨Aitemscountedmostoften(e.g.,daily)CycleCou