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•Trackingprojectprogress•Projectpersonnelandorganization•Effortandscheduleestimate•Riskmanagement•UsingprocessmodelingwithprojectplanningChapter3PlanningandManagingProjects问题1.什么是软件项目管理？2.软件项目管理的内容是什么？3.如果我是项目经理，我应该做什么4.我可以胜任软件项目管理吗？1995年SEI统计，美国共取消了810亿美元的商业软件项目，其中31％的项目未做完就被取消，53％的软件项目进度通常要延长50%的时间，只有9％的软件项目能够及时交付并且费用也控制在预算之内。2000年TechRepublic公司发表了有关IT项目的调查结果。该调查是以北美的1375个IT专家为对象实施问卷调查进行的。根据此调查，IT项目中有40%失败，这些项目的平均成本每年花费100万美元。……,ifapostmortemweretobeconductedforeveryproject,itisverylikelythataconsistentthemewouldbeencountered:projectmanagementwasweak3.1TrackingProgressUsually,customershaveseveralquestionstobeanswered:•Doyouunderstandmyproblemsandmyneeds?•Canyoudesignasystemthatwillsolvemyproblemorsatisfymyneeds?•Howlongwillittakeyoutodevelopsuchasystem?•Howmuchwillitcosttohaveyoudevelopsuchasystem?AProjectScheduledescribesthesoftwaredevelopmentcycleforaparticularprojectbyenumeratingthephasesorstagesofaprojectandbreakingeachintodiscretetasksoractivitiestobedone.Theschedulealsoportraystheinteractionsamongtheseactivitiesandestimatesthetimethateachtaskoractivitywilltake.Milestone:someevents,andtheyindicatetousandourcustomersthatameasurablelevelofprogresshasbeenmade.Thedistinguishingbetweenactivitiesandmilestones:Aactivityisapartoftheprojectthattakesplaceoveraperiodoftime;Amilestoneisthecompletionofanactivityandoccursataparticularpointintime.ProjectPhase1Phase2PhasenStep1Step2Step1Step2Step1Step2Activity1.1Activity1.2Activity1.3Activity1.1Activity1.2Activity1.3::::::WorkbreakdownstructureActivity1.3.3:PlantingshrubsandtreesPhase1:LandscapingtheLotStep1.1:clearingandgrubbingActivity1.1.1:RemovetreesActivity1.1.2:RemovestumpsStep1.2:seedingtheturfStep1.3:plantingshrubsandtreesActivity1.2.1:AeratethesoilActivity1.2.2:DispersetheseedsActivity1.2.3:WaterandweedActivity1.3.1:ObtainshrubsandtreesActivity1.3.2:DigholesActivity1.3.4:AnchorthetreesandmulcharoundthemPhase2:BuildingtheHouseStep2.1:preparethesiteActivity2.1.1:SurveythelandActivity2.1.2:RequestpermitsStep2.2:BuildingtheexteriorStep2.3:FinishingtheinteriorActivity2.2.1:LaythefoundationActivity2.2.2:BuildtheoutsidewallsActivity2.2.3:InstallexteriorplumbingActivity2.3.1:InstallinteriorplumbingActivity2.3.2:InstallinteriorelectricalworkActivity2.3.4:PaintingtheinteriorActivity2.1.3:ExcavateforthefoundationActivity2.1.4:BuymaterialsActivity2.2.4:ExteriorelectricalworkActivity2.2.5:ExteriorsidingActivity2.2.6:PaintingtheexteriorActivity2.2.7:InstalldoorsandfixturesActivity2.2.8:InstallroofsActivity2.3.3:InstallwallboardActivity2.3.5:InstallfloorcoveringActivity2.3.6:Installdoorsandfixtures1.1Surveycomplete1.2Permitsissued1.3Excavationcomplete1.4Materialsanhand2.1Foundationlaid2.2Outsidewallscomplete2.3Exteriorplumbingcomplete2.4Exteriorelectricalworkcomplete2.5Exteriorsidingcomplete2.6Exteriorpaintingcomplete2.7Doorsandfixturesmounted2.8Roofcomplete3.1Interiorplumbingcomplete3.2Interiorrelectricalworkcomplete3.3Wallboardinplace3.4Interiorpaintingcomplete3.5Floorcoveringlaid3.6DoorsandfixturesmountedMilestonesinbuildingahouseWorkBreakdownandActivityGraphsThefourparameterstodescribeeachactivity:Aprecursor:isaneventorsetofeventsthatmustoccurbeforetheactivitycanbegin,itdescribesthesetofconditionsthatallowstheactivitytobegin.Theduration:isthelengthoftimeneededtocompletetheactivity.Theduetime:isthedatebywhichtheactivitymustbecompleted.Theendpoint:isusuallyamilestoneordeliverable,andrepresentstheendoftheactivity.Anactivitygraph:thenodesofthegrapharetheprojectmilestones,andthelineslinkingnodesrepresenttheactivitiesinvolved.1.11.21.31.42.12.22.32.42.52.62.72.83.13.23.33.43.53.6STARTsurveyingRequestpermitexcavationBuymaterialsLayfoundationBuildoutsidewallInstallinteriorplumbingInstallinteriorelectricalInstallwallboardInstallinteriordoorsandfixturesInstallflooringInstallexteriorplumbingPaintinteriorInstallexteriorelectricalInstallexteriorsidingPaintexteriorInstallexteriordoorsandfixturesInstallroofingFINISHEstimatingCompletion1.11.21.31.42.12.22.32.42.52.62.72.83.13.23.33.43.53.6START31510101520121597181011108569FINISH0000CriticalPathMethod(CPM)Thepathscanshowustheminimumamountoftimeitwilltaketocompletetheproject,givenourestimatesofeachactivity’sduration.CPMrevealsthoseactivitiesthataremostcriticaltocompletingtheprojectontime.Slacktime=availabletime–realtimeSlacktime=lateststarttime–earlieststarttimeThecriticalpathistheoneforwhichtheslacktimeateverynodeiszero.Anditdetermineswhetherornottheprojectisonschedule.ActivityEarliestStarttimeLatestStartTimeSlacktime1.1113121.21101.3161601.4262602.1363602.2515102.37183122.48193122.591103122.699111122.7104119152.8104116123.1717103.2838303.3989803.410710703.510710703.61181180Finish1241240***DescriptionTestofphase1DefinetestcasesWritetestplanInspecttestplanIntegrationtestingInterfacetestingDocumentresultsSystemtestingPerformancetestsConfigurationtestsDocumentresultsEarlyDate1Jan981Jan989Jan989Jan9823Jan9823Jan9823Jan982Feb982Feb982Feb9817Feb98LateDate5Feb988Jan9822Jan9822Jan981Feb981Feb981Feb9817Feb9817Feb9817Feb9824Feb98Jan1Jan8Jan15Ja