LectureSix•ConversionandChangeofVoice•(转性与变态)一、词类转译•在翻译时,由于两种语言在语法和表达习惯上的差异,在保证原文意思不变的情况下,译文必须改变其词类,这就叫词类转译法。这种方法不仅指词类的改变,而且还包括词类作用的改变和一定词序的改变。当然主要是指词类的变化,如原文中的名词可以转移成译文中的动词等词类。众所周知,语言是个无限生成的系统,在翻译实践中,词类转移的情况也是千变万化的。词类转译的情况归纳起来有以下四种:1、转译成动词、2、转译成名词、3、转译成形容词、4、转译成其他词类。(一)转译成动词•1、名词转译成动词•Nounsderivedfromverbs.•1)Anacquaintanceofworldhistoryishelpfultothestudyofcurrentaffairs.•熟悉一些世界史有助于学习时事。•2)Hisveryappearanceofanyaffairproclaimsitatriumph.•在任何场合,只要他一露面。就算是成功了。•3)Heurgeduponcitizensofthecountrythenecessityofpersistinginparticipationinpoliticalcontroversies.•他告诫全国人民,必须坚持参加政治论战。Nounsimplyinganaction.•1)Onthewalkthroughthecitytheysawbreadlines.•在走过市区的时候,他们看见领救济食物的人们排着长队。•2)AviewofMt.Fujicanbeobtainedfromhere.•从这儿可以看到富士山。•3)Atthethoughtofthemishaphislegsstiffenedunderhimandcouldnotmorestepfurther.•一想到这场灾难,两腿就像千斤重,再也挪不动一步了。V+er=n•1)Heisnosmoker,buthisfatherisachainsmoker.•他倒是不抽烟,但他爸爸却一支接一支不停地抽。•2)Hewasaregularvisitor.•他经常来。•3)SheisaloverofChinesepainting.•她酷爱中国油画。•4)Therewerevariouspossibleplayersfortherole.•可能扮演这个角色的有好几个人NounsinsomeidiomaticexpressionsshouldbeconvertedintoChineseV.•1)Hehasalreadymadementionofthematterinhisspeech.•他在讲演中曾提到过此事。•2)Heshowedwithhiseyesthatheheard,butmadenosignofassentordissert.•他瞧了他一下,表示他听见了。但没表示同意或不同意。•3)ThePartybranchsecretaryshowedgreatconcernforthestudents’health.•党支书很关心学生的健康。•4)ShehadhighpraiseforDr..Higpan,althoughshecomplainedabouthisstrictness.•她高度赞扬了西格潘医生,但抱怨他过于严格。•5)Ihadanothergoodlookattheboringmachine,andfoundaloosescrewinneedofadjustment.•我又仔细地检查了这恼人的机器,发现一颗松动的螺栓需要调整。Nounsinthecognateobjectintodoubleverbs.•1)Hesmiledahappysmile.•他愉快地微笑了一下。•2)Let'sgoforawalkaftersupper.•晚饭后咱们去散散步吧。•3)Lethimsleepapeacefulsleep.•让他安安静静地睡一觉吧。•4)Theyfoughtabeautifulfight.•他们打了一个漂亮仗。•5)Hesighedalongsigh.•他长长地叹了一口气。2、介词转译成动词•1)Upthestreettheywant,paststores,acrossabroadsquare,andthenenteredahighbuilding.•他们沿着大街走去,经过许多商店,窜过一个大广场,然后进入了一座大厦。•2)Wedrovehomeabitaftermidnight,overtheriveandthroughthelivelyoldsleepingtown.•时过午夜,我驱车回家,先过了河,又窜过了这个在酣睡中的古老而可爱的城市。•3)Thejudgesatinthedinning-roomamidhismorningmail.•法官坐在餐厅里处理一大堆早班邮件。•4)IfoundhimathisbookwhenIcameintotheroom.•我走进房间,见他正在看书。3、形容词转译成动词•1)Wearequitesurethatthesocialistsystemwillreplacethecapitalistsystemintheend.•我们坚信社会主义制度终将取代资本主义制度。•2)Theywerenotcontentwiththeirpresentachievements.•他不满足于他们目前所取得的成就。•3)Theyweresuspiciousandresentfulofhim.•他们怀疑他,讨厌他。•4)Ifwewereignorantofthestructureoftheatom,itwouldbeimpossibleforustostudynuclearphysics.•要是我们不知道原子的结构,我们就不可能去研究核物理。4、副词转译成动词•1)Thesuccessfulfishermanofthatdaywerealreadyin.•那天交上好运的渔民们都已回家。•2)Whenhewentback,theradiowasstillon,forhehadforgottentoturnitoffwhenheleft.•他回来时,收音机还在响,因为他离开的时候忘记将它关掉了。•3)Pleaseletmein!Theyaresearchingforme.hebegged.•“请让我进去!他们正在追捕我。”他恳求道。转译成名词•Verbsderivedfromnounsorusedfromnouns.•1)Thelandingwasdesignedtocutthepeninsulaintwo.•登陆的目的是要把该半岛一切为二。•2)ThenavyisnowpositionedtosafeguardboththePacificandAtlanticOceans.•海军现已摆下了阵势,防卫太平洋和大西洋。•3)OnthatdaytheywereescortedtotheGreatWallofChina.•他们那天和陪同人员一起去参观中国长城。•4)Awell-dressedman,wholookedandtalkedlikeanAmerican,gotintothecar.•一位衣冠楚楚的男人,外表和谈吐都像美国人,进了汽车。(2)有些英语被动式句子中的动词,可以译成“受(遭)到……+名词”、“予(加)以+名词”这类结构。•1)Leninwasbelovedofthepeople.•列宁受到人民的爱戴。•2)Andhewarnedthattheimprovementinbilateralrelationsmightbejeopardizedbyacontinuationofthewar.•他警告说,如果战争继续下去,双边的关系有可能受到危害。•3)Hisimageasagoodstudentwasbadlytarnished.•他作为好学生的形象已遭到很大的玷污。•4)Hewassnuffedbythetop-rankingofficialsthere.•他受到那边高级官员们的冷遇。•5)Hewasreceivedwithhonorbythegovernmentofthehostcountry.•他受到东道国政府的礼遇。(3)形容词转译成名词•1)Theyaregoingtobuildaschoolfortheblindandthedeaf.•他们打算建一所盲聋学校。•3)Theunlearnedalwayspretenderudition.•不学无术的人总是假装学识渊博。•4)Inthehistoryofliteraturetherecanbefoundsomeimmortalmasterpieceswhicharetheswansongsofthedying.•在文学史上可以看到有些不朽的名著是临死者的绝笔。•5)Thebestisbehind.•好戏后唱。转译成形容词•Nounsderivedfromadj.•1)Irecognizedtheabsurdityofdealingwiththemthroughintermediaries.•我认识到通过中间人跟他们打交道是愚蠢的。•2)Hewasstillmoresurprisedatthesingularityofthestranger'sappearance.•他看到那个陌生人的外表非常古怪越发惊奇了。•3)Wefounddifficultyinsolvingthiscomplicatedproblem.•我们觉得很难解决这个复杂的问题。•4)Shepromptlyshepherdedthemoutofthecrowdedlivingroomandintotheprivacyofthelibrary.•她迅速把他们领出拥挤的客厅,带到了没人注意的图书馆。a(an)+anNusedaspredicative.•1)Thegarden-partyisagreatsuccess.•园艺会真是圆满极了。•3)Theysaymystoryisayawn.•人们都说,我的故事乏味得很。•4)It'sanuisancethathealwayspuffsathispipeinthereadingroom.•他在阅览室里经常抽烟,吞云吐雾,真是讨厌。•5)Itisagreathonorformetobechargedwithsuchanarduoustask.•我承担这项艰巨的任务,感到很荣幸。其他词类的转译•Adj.convertedintoadvandviceversa(1):•1)Warmdiscussionsaroseoneverycornerastohisachievements.•到处在讨论他的成就。•2)Weplacethehighestvalueonourfriendlyrelationswithdevelopingcountries.•我们最高度珍视同发展中国家的关系。•3)Yes,hesaidwithaslownodortwo.•他慢条斯理地点了一两下头说:“是”。2•1)Thesunrosethinlyfromthesea.•淡淡的太阳从海面上生起。•2)Hewasdeeplyimpressedbywhattheydidinthecriticalmoment.•他们在关键时刻的行为给他留下了深刻的印象。•3)Isupposeboysthinkdifferentlyfromgirls,hesaid.•“恐怕男孩子的想法与女孩子的想法是不一样的。”他说。•5)ThemagnificentbuildingbeyondistheSt.Paulchurchofclassicbeauty.•那边的一座宏伟建筑物是古色古香的圣保罗教堂。3•1)Atlast,hewhisperedahurriedgoodbyetohishostanddartedtothedo